Class: GeographicItem

Inherits:
ApplicationRecord show all
Includes:
Housekeeping::Timestamps, Housekeeping::Users, Shared::HasPapertrail, Shared::IsData, Shared::SharedAcrossProjects
Defined in:
app/models/geographic_item.rb

Overview

A GeographicItem is one and only one of [point, line_string, polygon, multi_point, multi_line_string, multi_polygon, geometry_collection] which describes a position, path, or area on the globe, generally associated with a geographic_area (through a geographic_area_geographic_item entry), and sometimes only with a georeference.

Key methods in this giant library

‘#geo_object` - return a RGEO object representation

Defined Under Namespace

Classes: GeometryCollection, LineString, MultiLineString, MultiPoint, MultiPolygon, Point, Polygon

Constant Summary collapse

DATA_TYPES =
[
  :point,
  :line_string,
  :polygon,
  :multi_point,
  :multi_line_string,
  :multi_polygon,
  :geometry_collection
].freeze
GEOMETRY_SQL =
Arel::Nodes::Case.new(arel_table[:type])
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPolygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Point').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::LineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Polygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiLineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPoint').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::GeometryCollection').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:geometry_collection].as('geometry')]))
.freeze
GEOGRAPHY_SQL =
"CASE geographic_items.type
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN geometry_collection
END".freeze
ANTI_MERIDIAN =

ANTI_MERIDIAN = ‘0X0102000020E61000000200000000000000008066400000000000405640000000000080664000000000004056C0’

'LINESTRING (180 89.0, 180 -89)'.freeze

Instance Attribute Summary collapse

Attributes included from Housekeeping::Users

#by

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Methods included from Shared::IsData

#errors_excepting, #full_error_messages_excepting, #identical, #is_community?, #is_destroyable?, #is_editable?, #is_in_use?, #is_in_users_projects?, #metamorphosize, #similar

Methods included from Shared::HasPapertrail

#attribute_updated, #attribute_updater

Methods included from Housekeeping::Users

#set_created_by_id, #set_updated_by_id

Methods inherited from ApplicationRecord

transaction_with_retry

Instance Attribute Details

#cached_total_areaNumeric

Returns if polygon-based the value of the enclosed area in square meters.

Returns:

  • (Numeric)

    if polygon-based the value of the enclosed area in square meters



40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 40

class GeographicItem < ApplicationRecord
  include Housekeeping::Users
  include Housekeeping::Timestamps
  include Shared::HasPapertrail
  include Shared::IsData
  include Shared::SharedAcrossProjects

  # @return [Hash, nil]
  #   An internal variable for use in super calls, holds a Hash in GeoJSON format (temporarily)
  attr_accessor :geometry

  # @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
  # @params value [Hash in GeoJSON format] ?!
  # TODO: WHY! boolean not nil, or object
  # Used to build geographic items from a shape [ of what class ] !?
  attr_accessor :shape

  # @return [Boolean]
  #   When true cached values are not built
  attr_accessor :no_cached

  DATA_TYPES = [
:point,
:line_string,
:polygon,
:multi_point,
:multi_line_string,
:multi_polygon,
:geometry_collection
  ].freeze

  GEOMETRY_SQL = Arel::Nodes::Case.new(arel_table[:type])
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPolygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Point').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::LineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Polygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiLineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPoint').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::GeometryCollection').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:geometry_collection].as('geometry')]))
.freeze

  GEOGRAPHY_SQL = "CASE geographic_items.type
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN geometry_collection
END".freeze

# ANTI_MERIDIAN = '0X0102000020E61000000200000000000000008066400000000000405640000000000080664000000000004056C0'
ANTI_MERIDIAN = 'LINESTRING (180 89.0, 180 -89)'.freeze

has_many :cached_map_items, inverse_of: :geographic_item

has_many :geographic_areas_geographic_items, dependent: :destroy, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas_geographic_items
has_many :asserted_distributions, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :geographic_area_types, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :parent_geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas, source: :parent

has_many :georeferences, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item,
  class_name: 'Georeference', foreign_key: :error_geographic_item_id, inverse_of: :error_geographic_item
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeferences, through: :georeferences, source: :collecting_event
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeference_error_geographic_item,
  through: :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item, source: :collecting_event

# TODO: THIS IS NOT GOOD
before_validation :set_type_if_geography_present

validate :some_data_is_provided
validates :type, presence: true # not needed

scope :include_collecting_event, -> { includes(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :geo_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :err_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:georeferences_through_error_geographic_item) }

after_save :set_cached, unless: Proc.new {|n| n.no_cached || errors.any? }
after_save :align_winding

class << self

  def aliased_geographic_sql(name = 'a')
    "CASE #{name}.type \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN #{name}.multi_polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN #{name}.point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN #{name}.line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN #{name}.polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN #{name}.multi_line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN #{name}.multi_point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN #{name}.geometry_collection \
     END"
  end

  def st_union(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Union(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  def st_collect(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Collect(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  # @return [GeographicItem::ActiveRecord_Relation]
  # @params [Array] array of geographic area ids
  def default_by_geographic_area_ids(geographic_area_ids = [])
    GeographicItem.
      joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items).
      merge(::GeographicAreasGeographicItem.default_geographic_item_data).
      where(geographic_areas_geographic_items: {geographic_area_id: geographic_area_ids})
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not the wtk intersects with the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  def crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      ['SELECT ST_Intersects(ST_GeogFromText(?), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', wkt, ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    ).first.r
  end

  # @param [Integer] ids
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not any GeographicItem passed intersects the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  #   This is our first line of defense against queries that define multiple shapes, one or
  #   more of which crosses the anti-meridian.  In this case the current TW strategy within the
  #   UI is to abandon the search, and prompt the user to refactor the query.
  def crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(*ids)
    q1 = ["SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (#{GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids)}) as " \
          'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (?) as ' \
                                                        'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids), ANTI_MERIDIAN])
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(q1).first.r
  end

  #
  # SQL fragments
  #

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the *geometry* for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)
    "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the geography for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = ?",
      geographic_item_id])
  end

  # @param [Symbol] choice
  # @return [String]
  #   a fragment returning either latitude or longitude columns
  def lat_long_sql(choice)
    return nil unless [:latitude, :longitude].include?(choice)
    f = "'D.DDDDDD'" # TODO: probably a constant somewhere
    v = (choice == :latitude ? 1 : 2)
    "CASE geographic_items.type
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
  "(geometry_collection::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(line_string::geometry), " \
  "#{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_line_string::geometry), #{f} ), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
END as #{choice}"
  end

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Integer] distance
  # @return [String]
  def within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance})"
  end


  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Number] distance in meters to grow/shrink the shape (negative allowed)
  # @param [Number] distance (in meters) (positive only?!)
  # @return [String]
  def st_buffer_st_within(geographic_item_id, distance, buffer = 0)
    "ST_DWithin(
    ST_Buffer(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, #{buffer}),
    (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance}
   )"
  end


  # TODO: 3D is overkill here
  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is intersecting
  def intersecting_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), ST_Transform( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', " \
      "4326), 4326), #{distance})"
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is fully covering
  def within_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_Covers( ST_Buffer(ST_SetSRID( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}'), 4326)::geography, #{distance}), (#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains() function, returns
  #   all geographic items which are contained in the item supplied
  def containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains(#{target_column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains(), returns
  #   all geographic_items which contain the supplied geographic_item
  def reverse_containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains((#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}), #{target_column_name}::geometry)"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment that represents the geometry of the geographic item specified (which has data in the
  # source_column_name, i.e. geo_object_type)
  def geometry_sql(geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil?
    "select geom_alias_tbl.#{source_column_name}::geometry from geographic_items geom_alias_tbl " \
      "where geom_alias_tbl.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String] of SQL
  def is_contained_by_sql(column_name, geographic_item)
    geo_id = geographic_item.id
    geo_type = geographic_item.geo_object_type
    template = '(ST_Contains((select geographic_items.%s::geometry from geographic_items where ' \
      'geographic_items.id = %d), %s::geometry))'
    retval = []
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
        end
      }
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
          end
        end
      }
    else
      retval = template % [geo_type, geo_id, column_name]
    end
    retval = retval.join(' OR ') if retval.instance_of?(Array)
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   a select query that returns a single geometry (column name 'single_geometry' for the collection of ids
  # provided via ST_Collect)
  def st_collect_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten!
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT ST_Collect(f.the_geom) AS single_geometry
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom as the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id in (?))
  AS f", geographic_item_ids])
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #    returns one or more geographic items combined as a single geometry in column 'single'
  def single_geometry_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    a = GeographicItem.st_collect_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    '(SELECT single.single_geometry FROM (' + a + ' ) AS single)'
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   returns a single geometry "column" (paren wrapped) as "single" for multiple geographic item ids, or the
  # geometry as 'geometry' for a single id
  def geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # *ALWAYS* reduce the pile to a single level of ids
    if geographic_item_ids.count == 1
      "(#{GeographicItem.geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_ids.first)})"
    else
      GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    end
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql_geog(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geography
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] ids
  # @return [Array]
  #   If we detect that some query id has crossed the meridian, then loop through
  #   and "manually" build up a list of results.
  #   Should only be used if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id? is true.
  #   Note that this does not return a Scope, so you can't chain it like contained_by?
  # TODO: test this
  def contained_by_with_antimeridian_check(*ids)
    ids.flatten! # make sure there is only one level of splat (*)
    results = []

    crossing_ids = []

    ids.each do |id|
      # push each which crosses
      crossing_ids.push(id) if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(id)
    end

    non_crossing_ids = ids - crossing_ids
    results.push GeographicItem.contained_by(non_crossing_ids).to_a if non_crossing_ids.any?

    crossing_ids.each do |id|
      # [61666, 61661, 61659, 61654, 61639]
      q1 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_AsText((SELECT polygon FROM geographic_items ' \
                                                         'WHERE id = ?))', id])
      r = GeographicItem.where(
        # GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(GeographicItem.find(id).geo_object.to_s)
        GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(
          ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(q1).first['st_astext'])
      ).to_a
      results.push(r)
    end

    results.flatten.uniq
  end

  # @params [String] well known text
  # @return [String] the SQL fragment for the specific geometry type, shifted by longitude
  # Note: this routine is called when it is already known that the A argument crosses anti-meridian
  def contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    "ST_Contains(ST_ShiftLongitude(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326)), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(point::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_point::geometry)
    END
    )
  )"
  end

  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # @params [String] wkt
  # @return [String] SQL fragment limiting geographics items to those in this WKT
  def contained_by_wkt_sql(wkt)
    if crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
      retval = contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    else
      retval = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END
    )
  )"
    end
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] sql for contained_by via ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: Can not use GEOMETRY_SQL because geometry_collection is not supported in ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: !! If the target GeographicItem#id crosses the anti-meridian then you may/will get unexpected results.
  def contained_by_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_Contains(
    #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
    CASE geographic_items.type
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END)"
  end

  # @param [RGeo:Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [String] sql for containing via ST_CoveredBy
  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # TODO: should this be wkt_point instead of rgeo_point?
  def containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
  ST_GeomFromText('#{rgeo_point}', 4326),
  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}
 )"
  end

  # @param [Interger] geographic_item_id
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_id)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id = ' \
      "#{geographic_item_id} LIMIT 1"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_collection_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id IN ' \
      "( #{geographic_item_ids.join(',')} )"
  end

  #
  # Scopes
  #

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing these collective geographic_item ids, not including self
  def containing(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_sql(geographic_item_ids)).not_ids(*geographic_item_ids)
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items contained by any of these geographic_item ids, not including self
  # (works via ST_ContainsProperly)
  def contained_by(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.contained_by_where_sql(geographic_item_ids))
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing this point
  # TODO: should be containing_wkt ?
  def containing_point(rgeo_point)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point))
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   adds an area_in_meters field, with meters
  def with_area
    select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, false) as area_in_meters")
  end

  # return [Scope]
  #   A scope that limits the result to those GeographicItems that have a collecting event
  #   through either the geographic_item or the error_geographic_item
  #
  # A raw SQL join approach for comparison
  #
  # GeographicItem.joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g1 ON geographic_items.id = g1.geographic_item_id').
  #   joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g2 ON geographic_items.id = g2.error_geographic_item_id').
  #   where("(g1.geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL OR g2.error_geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL)").uniq

  # @return [Scope] GeographicItem
  # This uses an Arel table approach, this is ultimately more decomposable if we need. Of use:
  #  http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel  <- best
  #  https://github.com/rails/arel
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4500629/use-arel-for-a-nested-set-join-query-and-convert-to-activerecordrelation
  #  http://rdoc.info/github/rails/arel/Arel/SelectManager
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7976358/activerecord-arel-or-condition
  #
  def with_collecting_event_through_georeferences
    geographic_items = GeographicItem.arel_table
    georeferences = Georeference.arel_table
    g1 = georeferences.alias('a')
    g2 = georeferences.alias('b')

    c = geographic_items.join(g1, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g1[:geographic_item_id]))
      .join(g2, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g2[:error_geographic_item_id]))

    GeographicItem.joins(# turn the Arel back into scope
                         c.join_sources # translate the Arel join to a join hash(?)
                        ).where(
                          g1[:id].not_eq(nil).or(g2[:id].not_eq(nil)) # returns a Arel::Nodes::Grouping
                        ).distinct
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'latitude' column
  def with_latitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:latitude))
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'longitude' column
  def with_longitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:longitude))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItems]
  # @return [Scope]
  def intersecting(column_name, *geographic_items)
    if column_name.downcase == 'any'
      pieces = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        pieces.push(GeographicItem.intersecting(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
      }

      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct

      GeographicItem.where(id: pieces.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        "ST_Intersects(#{column_name}, '#{geographic_item.geo_object}'    )" # seems like we want this: http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel/#/15/2
      }.join(' or ')

      where(q)
    end
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem#id] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Float] distance in meters ?!?!
  # @return [ActiveRecord::Relation]
  # !! should be distance, not radius?!
  def within_radius_of_item(geographic_item_id, distance)
    where(within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_DISJOINT, specifies all geographic_items that have data in column_name
  #   that are disjoint from the passed geographic_items
  def disjoint_from(column_name, *geographic_items)
    q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
      "ST_DISJOINT(#{column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item.to_param,
                                                         geographic_item.geo_object_type)}))"
    }.join(' and ')

    where(q)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   see are_contained_in_item_by_id
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem, Array] geographic_items
  def are_contained_in_item(column_name, *geographic_items)
    are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, geographic_items.flatten.map(&:id))
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name to search
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item_ids or array of geographic_item_ids to be tested.
  # @return [Scope] of GeographicItems
  #
  # If this scope is given an Array of GeographicItems as a second parameter,
  # it will return the 'OR' of each of the objects against the table.
  # SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "geographic_items"
  #        WHERE (ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (0.0 0.0 0.0)'))
  #               OR ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (-9.8 5.0 0.0)')))
  #
  def are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, *geographic_item_ids) # = containing
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # in case there is a array of arrays, or multiple objects
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id(column.to_s, geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id("#{column}", geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_item_ids.flatten.collect { |geographic_item_id|
        # discover the item types, and convert type to database type for 'multi_'
        b = GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id)
          .pluck(:type)[0].split(':')[2].downcase.gsub('lti', 'lti_')
        # a = GeographicItem.find(geographic_item_id).geo_object_type
        GeographicItem.containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item_id, b)
      }.join(' or ')
      q = 'FALSE' if q.blank? # this will prevent the invocation of *ALL* of the GeographicItems, if there are
      # no GeographicItems in the request (see CollectingEvent.name_hash(types)).
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [String] geometry of WKT
  # @return [Scope]
  # a single WKT geometry is compared against column or columns (except geometry_collection) to find geographic_items
  # which are contained in the WKT
  def are_contained_in_wkt(column_name, geometry)
    column_name.downcase!
    # column_name = 'point'
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt(column.to_s, geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt("#{column}", geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    else
      # column = points, geometry = square
      q = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geometry}'), #{column_name}::geometry)"
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  #    containing the items the shape of which is contained in the geographic_item[s] supplied.
  # @param column_name [String] can be any of DATA_TYPES, or 'any' to check against all types, 'any_poly' to check
  # against 'polygon' or 'multi_polygon', or 'any_line' to check against 'line_string' or 'multi_line_string'.
  #  CANNOT be 'geometry_collection'.
  # @param geographic_items [GeographicItem] Can be a single GeographicItem, or an array of GeographicItem.
  # @return [Scope]
  def is_contained_by(column_name, *geographic_items)
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
          end
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        GeographicItem.reverse_containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item.to_param,
                                              geographic_item.geo_object_type)
      }.join(' or ')
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_shortest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item).order('distance')
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_longest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      q = select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
        .order('distance desc')
      q
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String]
  def select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
    select("*, ST_Distance(#{column_name}, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) as distance")
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
    where("#{column_name} is not null and ST_Distance(#{column_name}, " \
          "GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) > 0")
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def not_including(geographic_items)
    where.not(id: geographic_items)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   includes an 'is_valid' attribute (True/False) for the passed geographic_item.  Uses St_IsValid.
  # @param [RGeo object] geographic_item
  def with_is_valid_geometry_column(geographic_item)
    where(id: geographic_item.id).select("ST_IsValid(ST_AsBinary(#{geographic_item.geo_object_type})) is_valid")
  end

  #
  # Other
  #

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id1
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id2
  # @return [Float]
  def distance_between(geographic_item_id1, geographic_item_id2)
    q1 = "ST_Distance(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, " \
      "(#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)})) as distance"
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(
      :sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance(?, (?)) as distance',
                            GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL,
                            select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)])
    GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id1).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] point
  # @return [Hash]
  #   as per #inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy but for Rgeo point
  def point_inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy(point)
    GeographicItem.containing_point(point).order(cached_total_area: :ASC).limit(1).first&.inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  end

  # @param [String] type_name ('polygon', 'point', 'line' [, 'circle'])
  # @return [String] if type
  def eval_for_type(type_name)
    retval = 'GeographicItem'
    case type_name.upcase
    when 'POLYGON'
      retval += '::Polygon'
    when 'LINESTRING'
      retval += '::LineString'
    when 'POINT'
      retval += '::Point'
    when 'MULTIPOLYGON'
      retval += '::MultiPolygon'
    when 'MULTILINESTRING'
      retval += '::MultiLineString'
    when 'MULTIPOINT'
      retval += '::MultiPoint'
    else
      retval = nil
    end
    retval
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @return [RGeo::Geographic object]
  def geometry_for(geographic_item_id)
    GeographicItem.select(GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry').find(geographic_item_id)['geometry']
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer, Array] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  def st_multi(*geographic_item_ids)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      "SELECT ST_Multi(ST_Collect(g.the_geom)) AS singlegeom
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom AS the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id IN (?))
  AS g;", geographic_item_ids.flatten
    )
  end
end # class << self

# @return [Hash]
#    a geographic_name_classification or empty Hash
# This is a quick approach that works only when
# the geographic_item is linked explicitly to a GeographicArea.
#
# !! Note that it is not impossible for a GeographicItem to be linked
# to > 1 GeographicArea, in that case we are assuming that all are
# equally refined, this might not be the case in the future because
# of how the GeographicArea gazetteer is indexed.
def quick_geographic_name_hierarchy
  geographic_areas.order(:id).each do |ga|
    h = ga.geographic_name_classification # not quick enough !!
    return h if h.present?
  end
  return  {}
end

# @return [Hash]
#   a geographic_name_classification (see GeographicArea) inferred by
# finding the smallest area containing this GeographicItem, in the most accurate gazetteer
# and using it to return country/state/county. See also the logic in
# filling in missing levels in GeographicArea.
def inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  if small_area = containing_geographic_areas
    .joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items)
    .merge(GeographicAreasGeographicItem.ordered_by_data_origin)
    .ordered_by_area
    .limit(1)
    .first
  return small_area.geographic_name_classification
  else
    {}
  end
end

def geographic_name_hierarchy
  a = quick_geographic_name_hierarchy # quick; almost never the case, UI not setup to do this
  return a if a.present?
  inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy # slow
end

# @return [Scope]
#   the Geographic Areas that contain (gis) this geographic item
def containing_geographic_areas
  GeographicArea.joins(:geographic_items).includes(:geographic_area_type)
    .joins("JOIN (#{GeographicItem.containing(id).to_sql}) j on geographic_items.id = j.id")
end

# @return [Boolean]
#   whether stored shape is ST_IsValid
def valid_geometry?
  GeographicItem.with_is_valid_geometry_column(self).first['is_valid']
end

# @return [Array of latitude, longitude]
#    the lat, lon of the first point in the GeoItem, see subclass for #st_start_point
def start_point
  o = st_start_point
  [o.y, o.x]
end

# @return [Array]
#   the lat, long, as STRINGs for the centroid of this geographic item
#   Meh- this: https://postgis.net/docs/en/ST_MinimumBoundingRadius.html
def center_coords
  r = GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
    "Select split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), " \
    "'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 1) latitude, split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
    "(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), 'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 2) " \
    "longitude from geographic_items where id = #{id};")[0]

  [r.latitude, r.longitude]
end

# @return [RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPointImpl]
#    representing the centroid of this geographic item
def centroid
  # Gis::FACTORY.point(*center_coords.reverse)
  return geo_object if type == 'GeographicItem::Point'
  return Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(self.st_centroid)
end

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (slower, more accurate)
def st_distance(geographic_item_id) # geo_object
  q1 = "ST_Distance((#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)}), " \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)})) as d"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance((?),(?)) as d',
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(self.id),
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)])
  deg = GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  deg * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST
end

# @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
# @return [Double] distance in meters
# Like st_distance but works with changed and non persisted objects
def st_distance_to_geographic_item(geographic_item)
  unless !persisted? || changed?
    a = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)})"
  else
    a = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geo_object}')"
  end

  unless !geographic_item.persisted? || geographic_item.changed?
    b = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item.id)})"
  else
    b = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geographic_item.geo_object}')"
  end

  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_value("SELECT ST_Distance(#{a}, #{b})")
end

alias_method :distance_to, :st_distance

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (faster, less accurate)
def st_distance_spheroid(geographic_item_id)
  q1 = "ST_DistanceSpheroid((#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id)})," \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)}),'#{Gis::SPHEROID}') as distance"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array,
                                ['ST_DistanceSpheroid((?),(?),?) as distance',
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id),
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id),
                                 Gis::SPHEROID])
  # TODO: what is _q2?
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
end

# @return [String]
#   a WKT POINT representing the centroid of the geographic item
def st_centroid
  GeographicItem.where(id: to_param).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_AsEWKT(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}))")).first.gsub(/SRID=\d*;/, '')
end

# @return [Integer]
#   the number of points in the geometry
def st_npoints
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_NPoints(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as npoints")).first
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   the geo type (i.e. column like :point, :multipolygon).  References the first-found object,
# according to the list of DATA_TYPES, or nil
def geo_object_type
  if self.class.name == 'GeographicItem' # a proxy check for new records
    geo_type
  else
    self.class::SHAPE_COLUMN
  end
end

# !!TODO: migrate these to use native column calls

# @return [RGeo instance, nil]
#  the Rgeo shape (See http://rubydoc.info/github/dazuma/rgeo/RGeo/Feature)
def geo_object
  begin
    if r = geo_object_type # rubocop:disable Lint/AssignmentInCondition
      send(r)
    else
      false
    end
  rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
    return nil # TODO: we need to render proper error for this!
  end
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def contains?(target_geo_object)
  return nil if target_geo_object.nil?
  self.geo_object.contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def within?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.within?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def intersects?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.intersects?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def near(target_geo_object, distance)
  self.geo_object.unsafe_buffer(distance).contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def far(target_geo_object, distance)
  !near(target_geo_object, distance)
end

# @return [GeoJSON hash]
#    via Rgeo apparently necessary for GeometryCollection
def rgeo_to_geo_json
  RGeo::GeoJSON.encode(geo_object).to_json
end

# @return [Hash]
#   in GeoJSON format
#   Computed via "raw" PostGIS (much faster). This
#   requires the geo_object_type and id.
#
def to_geo_json
  JSON.parse(
    GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
      "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
      "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a'])
end

# We don't need to serialize to/from JSON
def to_geo_json_string
  GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
    "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
    "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a']
end

# @return [Hash]
#   the shape as a GeoJSON Feature with some item metadata
def to_geo_json_feature
  @geometry ||= to_geo_json
  {'type' => 'Feature',
   'geometry' => geometry,
   'properties' => {
     'geographic_item' => {
       'id' => id}
   }
  }
end

# @param value [String] like:
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":"[[[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793],
#      [-67.11035013198853, 45.09937589848195],[-80.64550638198853, 25.01924647619111],[-117.55956888198853,
#      32.5591595028449],[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793]]]"},"properties":{}}'
#
#  '{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
# @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
def shape=(value)

  if value.present?

    begin
      geom = RGeo::GeoJSON.decode(value, json_parser: :json, geo_factory: Gis::FACTORY)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry => e
      errors.add(:base, "invalid geometry: #{e.to_s}")
      return
    end

    this_type = nil

    if geom.respond_to?(:geometry_type)
      this_type = geom.geometry_type.to_s
    elsif geom.respond_to?(:geometry)
      this_type = geom.geometry.geometry_type.to_s
    else
    end

    self.type = GeographicItem.eval_for_type(this_type) unless geom.nil?

    if type.blank?
      errors.add(:base, 'type is not set from shape')
      return
    end

    object = nil

    s = geom.respond_to?(:geometry) ? geom.geometry.to_s : geom.to_s

    begin
      object = Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(s)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
      errors.add(:self, 'Shape value is an Invalid Geometry')
    end

    write_attribute(this_type.underscore.to_sym, object)
    geom
  end
end

# @return [String]
def to_wkt
  #  10k  #<Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0dfd30fd0 @label="", @real=25.237487000005785, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=1.1704609999999995, @utime=5.507929999999988, @total=6.678390999999987>
  #  GeographicItem.select("ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) wkt").where(id: id).first.wkt

  # 10k <Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0e02f7540 @label="", @real=21.619827999995323, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=0.8850890000000007, @utime=3.2958549999999605, @total=4.180943999999961>
  if a =  ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} ) wkt from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first
    return a['wkt']
  else
    return nil
  end
end

# @return  [Float] in meters, calculated
# TODO: share with world
#    Geographic item 96862 (Cajamar in Brazil) is the only(?) record to fail using `false` (quicker) method of everything we tested
def area
  a = GeographicItem.where(id:).select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, true) as area_in_meters").first['area_in_meters']
  a = nil if a.nan?
  a
end

# @return [Float, false]
#    the value in square meters of the interesecting area of this and another GeographicItem
def intersecting_area(geographic_item_id)
  a = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('a')
  b = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('b')

  c = GeographicItem.connection.execute(
    "SELECT ST_Area(ST_Intersection(#{a}, #{b})) as intersecting_area
      FROM geographic_items a, geographic_items b
      WHERE a.id = #{id} AND b.id = #{geographic_item_id};"
  ).first
  c && c['intersecting_area'].to_f
end

# TODO: This is bad, while internal use of ONE_WEST_MEAN is consistent it is in-accurate given the vast differences of radius vs. lat/long position.
# When we strike the error-polygon from radius we should remove this
#
# Use case is returning the radius from a circle we calculated via buffer for error-polygon creation.
def radius
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_MinimumBoundingRadius( ST_Transform(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}, 4326 )  ) AS radius from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['radius'].split(',').last.chop.to_f
  r = (r * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST_MEAN).to_i
end


# Convention is to store in PostGIS in CCW
# @return Array [Boolean]
#   false - cw
#   true - ccw (preferred), except cee donuts
def orientations
  if multi_polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(" \
         SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(a.geom) as is_ccw
            FROM ( SELECT b.id, (ST_Dump(p_geom)).geom AS geom
               FROM (SELECT id, multi_polygon::geometry AS p_geom FROM geographic_items where id = #{id}) AS b \
          ) AS a;").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  elsif polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute("SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) as is_ccw \
            FROM geographic_items where  id = #{id};").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  else
    []
  end
end

# @return Boolean
#   looks at all orientations
#   if they follow the pattern [true, false, ... <all false>] then `true`, else `false`
# !! Does not confirm that shapes are nested !!
def is_basic_donut?
  a = orientations
  b = a.shift
  return false unless b
  a.uniq!
  a == [false]
end

def st_isvalid
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValid(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalid']
end

def st_isvalidreason
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValidReason(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalidreason']
end

# !! Unused. Doesn't check Geometry collection
def has_polygons?
  ['GeographicItem::MultiPolygon', 'GeographicItem::Polygon'].include?(self.type)
end

private

def align_winding
  if orientations.flatten.include?(false)
    case type
    when 'multi_polygon'
      ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set multi_polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(multi_polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    when 'polygon'
     ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    end     
  end
  true
end

# Crude debuging helper, write the shapes
# to a png
def self.debug_draw(geographic_item_ids = [])
  return false if geographic_item_ids.empty?

  sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
     ST_AsRaster(
        (SELECT ST_Union(multi_polygon::geometry) from geographic_items where id IN (" + geographic_item_ids.join(',') + ")), 1920, 1080
    )
   ) png;"

  # ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
  #     1920,
  #     1080)


  result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
  r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

  prefix = if geographic_item_ids.size > 10
             'multiple'
           else
             geographic_item_ids.join('_') + '_debug.draw.png'
           end

  n = prefix + '_debug.draw.png'

  # Open the file in binary write mode ("wb")
  File.open(n, 'wb') do |file|
    # Write the binary data to the file
    file.write(r)
  end
end

# def png

#   if ids = Otu.joins(:cached_map_items).first.cached_map_items.pluck(:geographic_item_id)

#     sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
#    ST_AsRaster(
#        ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
#            1024,
#            768)
#     ) png
#        from geographic_items where id IN (" + ids.join(',') + ');'

#     # hack, not the best way to unpack result
#     result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
#     r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

#     send_data r, filename: 'foo.png', type: 'imnage/png'

#   else
#     render json: {foo: false}
#   end
# end

def set_cached
  update_column(:cached_total_area, area)
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   returns the attribute (column name) containing data
#   nearly all methods should use #geo_object_type, not geo_type
def geo_type
  DATA_TYPES.each { |item|
    return item if send(item)
  }
  nil
end

# @return [Boolean, String] false if already set, or type to which it was set
def set_type_if_geography_present
  if type.blank?
    column = geo_type
    self.type = "GeographicItem::#{column.to_s.camelize}" if column
  end
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Array] of a point
#   Longitude |, Latitude -
def point_to_a(point)
  data = []
  data.push(point.x, point.y)
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Hash] of a point
def point_to_hash(point)
  {points: [point_to_a(point)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPoint] multi_point
# @return [Array] of points
def multi_point_to_a(multi_point)
  data = []
  multi_point.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of points
def multi_point_to_hash(_multi_point)
  # when we encounter a multi_point type, we only stick the points into the array, NOT it's identity as a group
  {points: multi_point_to_a(multi_point)}
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Array] of points in the line
def line_string_to_a(line_string)
  data = []
  line_string.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Hash] of points in the line
def line_string_to_hash(line_string)
  {lines: [line_string_to_a(line_string)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Array] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_a(polygon)
  # TODO: handle other parts of the polygon; i.e., the interior_rings (if they exist)
  data = []
  polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Hash] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_hash(polygon)
  {polygons: [polygon_to_a(polygon)]}
end

# @return [Array] of line_strings as arrays of points
# @param [RGeo::MultiLineString] multi_line_string
def multi_line_string_to_a(multi_line_string)
  data = []
  multi_line_string.each { |line_string|
    line_data = []
    line_string.points.each { |point|
      line_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(line_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of line_strings as hashes of points
def multi_line_string_to_hash(_multi_line_string)
  {lines: to_a}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPolygon] multi_polygon
# @return [Array] of arrays of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_a(multi_polygon)
  data = []
  multi_polygon.each { |polygon|
    polygon_data = []
    polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
      polygon_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(polygon_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of hashes of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_hash(_multi_polygon)
  {polygons: to_a}
end

# @return [Boolean] iff there is one and only one shape column set
def some_data_is_provided
  data = []

  DATA_TYPES.each do |item|
    data.push(item) if send(item).present?
  end

  case data.count
  when 0
    errors.add(:base, 'No shape provided or provided shape is invalid')
  when 1
    return true
  else
    data.each do |object|
      errors.add(object, 'More than one shape type provided')
    end
  end
  true
end
end

#geometryHash?

Returns An internal variable for use in super calls, holds a Hash in GeoJSON format (temporarily).

Returns:

  • (Hash, nil)

    An internal variable for use in super calls, holds a Hash in GeoJSON format (temporarily)



49
50
51
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 49

def geometry
  @geometry
end

#line_stringRGeo::Geographic::ProjectedLineStringImpl

Returns:

  • (RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedLineStringImpl)


40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 40

class GeographicItem < ApplicationRecord
  include Housekeeping::Users
  include Housekeeping::Timestamps
  include Shared::HasPapertrail
  include Shared::IsData
  include Shared::SharedAcrossProjects

  # @return [Hash, nil]
  #   An internal variable for use in super calls, holds a Hash in GeoJSON format (temporarily)
  attr_accessor :geometry

  # @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
  # @params value [Hash in GeoJSON format] ?!
  # TODO: WHY! boolean not nil, or object
  # Used to build geographic items from a shape [ of what class ] !?
  attr_accessor :shape

  # @return [Boolean]
  #   When true cached values are not built
  attr_accessor :no_cached

  DATA_TYPES = [
:point,
:line_string,
:polygon,
:multi_point,
:multi_line_string,
:multi_polygon,
:geometry_collection
  ].freeze

  GEOMETRY_SQL = Arel::Nodes::Case.new(arel_table[:type])
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPolygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Point').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::LineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Polygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiLineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPoint').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::GeometryCollection').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:geometry_collection].as('geometry')]))
.freeze

  GEOGRAPHY_SQL = "CASE geographic_items.type
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN geometry_collection
END".freeze

# ANTI_MERIDIAN = '0X0102000020E61000000200000000000000008066400000000000405640000000000080664000000000004056C0'
ANTI_MERIDIAN = 'LINESTRING (180 89.0, 180 -89)'.freeze

has_many :cached_map_items, inverse_of: :geographic_item

has_many :geographic_areas_geographic_items, dependent: :destroy, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas_geographic_items
has_many :asserted_distributions, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :geographic_area_types, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :parent_geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas, source: :parent

has_many :georeferences, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item,
  class_name: 'Georeference', foreign_key: :error_geographic_item_id, inverse_of: :error_geographic_item
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeferences, through: :georeferences, source: :collecting_event
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeference_error_geographic_item,
  through: :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item, source: :collecting_event

# TODO: THIS IS NOT GOOD
before_validation :set_type_if_geography_present

validate :some_data_is_provided
validates :type, presence: true # not needed

scope :include_collecting_event, -> { includes(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :geo_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :err_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:georeferences_through_error_geographic_item) }

after_save :set_cached, unless: Proc.new {|n| n.no_cached || errors.any? }
after_save :align_winding

class << self

  def aliased_geographic_sql(name = 'a')
    "CASE #{name}.type \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN #{name}.multi_polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN #{name}.point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN #{name}.line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN #{name}.polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN #{name}.multi_line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN #{name}.multi_point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN #{name}.geometry_collection \
     END"
  end

  def st_union(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Union(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  def st_collect(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Collect(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  # @return [GeographicItem::ActiveRecord_Relation]
  # @params [Array] array of geographic area ids
  def default_by_geographic_area_ids(geographic_area_ids = [])
    GeographicItem.
      joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items).
      merge(::GeographicAreasGeographicItem.default_geographic_item_data).
      where(geographic_areas_geographic_items: {geographic_area_id: geographic_area_ids})
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not the wtk intersects with the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  def crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      ['SELECT ST_Intersects(ST_GeogFromText(?), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', wkt, ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    ).first.r
  end

  # @param [Integer] ids
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not any GeographicItem passed intersects the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  #   This is our first line of defense against queries that define multiple shapes, one or
  #   more of which crosses the anti-meridian.  In this case the current TW strategy within the
  #   UI is to abandon the search, and prompt the user to refactor the query.
  def crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(*ids)
    q1 = ["SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (#{GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids)}) as " \
          'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (?) as ' \
                                                        'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids), ANTI_MERIDIAN])
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(q1).first.r
  end

  #
  # SQL fragments
  #

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the *geometry* for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)
    "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the geography for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = ?",
      geographic_item_id])
  end

  # @param [Symbol] choice
  # @return [String]
  #   a fragment returning either latitude or longitude columns
  def lat_long_sql(choice)
    return nil unless [:latitude, :longitude].include?(choice)
    f = "'D.DDDDDD'" # TODO: probably a constant somewhere
    v = (choice == :latitude ? 1 : 2)
    "CASE geographic_items.type
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
  "(geometry_collection::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(line_string::geometry), " \
  "#{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_line_string::geometry), #{f} ), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
END as #{choice}"
  end

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Integer] distance
  # @return [String]
  def within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance})"
  end


  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Number] distance in meters to grow/shrink the shape (negative allowed)
  # @param [Number] distance (in meters) (positive only?!)
  # @return [String]
  def st_buffer_st_within(geographic_item_id, distance, buffer = 0)
    "ST_DWithin(
    ST_Buffer(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, #{buffer}),
    (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance}
   )"
  end


  # TODO: 3D is overkill here
  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is intersecting
  def intersecting_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), ST_Transform( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', " \
      "4326), 4326), #{distance})"
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is fully covering
  def within_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_Covers( ST_Buffer(ST_SetSRID( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}'), 4326)::geography, #{distance}), (#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains() function, returns
  #   all geographic items which are contained in the item supplied
  def containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains(#{target_column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains(), returns
  #   all geographic_items which contain the supplied geographic_item
  def reverse_containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains((#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}), #{target_column_name}::geometry)"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment that represents the geometry of the geographic item specified (which has data in the
  # source_column_name, i.e. geo_object_type)
  def geometry_sql(geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil?
    "select geom_alias_tbl.#{source_column_name}::geometry from geographic_items geom_alias_tbl " \
      "where geom_alias_tbl.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String] of SQL
  def is_contained_by_sql(column_name, geographic_item)
    geo_id = geographic_item.id
    geo_type = geographic_item.geo_object_type
    template = '(ST_Contains((select geographic_items.%s::geometry from geographic_items where ' \
      'geographic_items.id = %d), %s::geometry))'
    retval = []
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
        end
      }
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
          end
        end
      }
    else
      retval = template % [geo_type, geo_id, column_name]
    end
    retval = retval.join(' OR ') if retval.instance_of?(Array)
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   a select query that returns a single geometry (column name 'single_geometry' for the collection of ids
  # provided via ST_Collect)
  def st_collect_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten!
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT ST_Collect(f.the_geom) AS single_geometry
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom as the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id in (?))
  AS f", geographic_item_ids])
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #    returns one or more geographic items combined as a single geometry in column 'single'
  def single_geometry_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    a = GeographicItem.st_collect_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    '(SELECT single.single_geometry FROM (' + a + ' ) AS single)'
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   returns a single geometry "column" (paren wrapped) as "single" for multiple geographic item ids, or the
  # geometry as 'geometry' for a single id
  def geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # *ALWAYS* reduce the pile to a single level of ids
    if geographic_item_ids.count == 1
      "(#{GeographicItem.geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_ids.first)})"
    else
      GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    end
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql_geog(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geography
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] ids
  # @return [Array]
  #   If we detect that some query id has crossed the meridian, then loop through
  #   and "manually" build up a list of results.
  #   Should only be used if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id? is true.
  #   Note that this does not return a Scope, so you can't chain it like contained_by?
  # TODO: test this
  def contained_by_with_antimeridian_check(*ids)
    ids.flatten! # make sure there is only one level of splat (*)
    results = []

    crossing_ids = []

    ids.each do |id|
      # push each which crosses
      crossing_ids.push(id) if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(id)
    end

    non_crossing_ids = ids - crossing_ids
    results.push GeographicItem.contained_by(non_crossing_ids).to_a if non_crossing_ids.any?

    crossing_ids.each do |id|
      # [61666, 61661, 61659, 61654, 61639]
      q1 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_AsText((SELECT polygon FROM geographic_items ' \
                                                         'WHERE id = ?))', id])
      r = GeographicItem.where(
        # GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(GeographicItem.find(id).geo_object.to_s)
        GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(
          ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(q1).first['st_astext'])
      ).to_a
      results.push(r)
    end

    results.flatten.uniq
  end

  # @params [String] well known text
  # @return [String] the SQL fragment for the specific geometry type, shifted by longitude
  # Note: this routine is called when it is already known that the A argument crosses anti-meridian
  def contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    "ST_Contains(ST_ShiftLongitude(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326)), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(point::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_point::geometry)
    END
    )
  )"
  end

  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # @params [String] wkt
  # @return [String] SQL fragment limiting geographics items to those in this WKT
  def contained_by_wkt_sql(wkt)
    if crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
      retval = contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    else
      retval = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END
    )
  )"
    end
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] sql for contained_by via ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: Can not use GEOMETRY_SQL because geometry_collection is not supported in ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: !! If the target GeographicItem#id crosses the anti-meridian then you may/will get unexpected results.
  def contained_by_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_Contains(
    #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
    CASE geographic_items.type
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END)"
  end

  # @param [RGeo:Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [String] sql for containing via ST_CoveredBy
  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # TODO: should this be wkt_point instead of rgeo_point?
  def containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
  ST_GeomFromText('#{rgeo_point}', 4326),
  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}
 )"
  end

  # @param [Interger] geographic_item_id
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_id)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id = ' \
      "#{geographic_item_id} LIMIT 1"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_collection_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id IN ' \
      "( #{geographic_item_ids.join(',')} )"
  end

  #
  # Scopes
  #

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing these collective geographic_item ids, not including self
  def containing(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_sql(geographic_item_ids)).not_ids(*geographic_item_ids)
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items contained by any of these geographic_item ids, not including self
  # (works via ST_ContainsProperly)
  def contained_by(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.contained_by_where_sql(geographic_item_ids))
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing this point
  # TODO: should be containing_wkt ?
  def containing_point(rgeo_point)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point))
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   adds an area_in_meters field, with meters
  def with_area
    select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, false) as area_in_meters")
  end

  # return [Scope]
  #   A scope that limits the result to those GeographicItems that have a collecting event
  #   through either the geographic_item or the error_geographic_item
  #
  # A raw SQL join approach for comparison
  #
  # GeographicItem.joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g1 ON geographic_items.id = g1.geographic_item_id').
  #   joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g2 ON geographic_items.id = g2.error_geographic_item_id').
  #   where("(g1.geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL OR g2.error_geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL)").uniq

  # @return [Scope] GeographicItem
  # This uses an Arel table approach, this is ultimately more decomposable if we need. Of use:
  #  http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel  <- best
  #  https://github.com/rails/arel
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4500629/use-arel-for-a-nested-set-join-query-and-convert-to-activerecordrelation
  #  http://rdoc.info/github/rails/arel/Arel/SelectManager
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7976358/activerecord-arel-or-condition
  #
  def with_collecting_event_through_georeferences
    geographic_items = GeographicItem.arel_table
    georeferences = Georeference.arel_table
    g1 = georeferences.alias('a')
    g2 = georeferences.alias('b')

    c = geographic_items.join(g1, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g1[:geographic_item_id]))
      .join(g2, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g2[:error_geographic_item_id]))

    GeographicItem.joins(# turn the Arel back into scope
                         c.join_sources # translate the Arel join to a join hash(?)
                        ).where(
                          g1[:id].not_eq(nil).or(g2[:id].not_eq(nil)) # returns a Arel::Nodes::Grouping
                        ).distinct
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'latitude' column
  def with_latitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:latitude))
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'longitude' column
  def with_longitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:longitude))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItems]
  # @return [Scope]
  def intersecting(column_name, *geographic_items)
    if column_name.downcase == 'any'
      pieces = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        pieces.push(GeographicItem.intersecting(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
      }

      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct

      GeographicItem.where(id: pieces.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        "ST_Intersects(#{column_name}, '#{geographic_item.geo_object}'    )" # seems like we want this: http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel/#/15/2
      }.join(' or ')

      where(q)
    end
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem#id] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Float] distance in meters ?!?!
  # @return [ActiveRecord::Relation]
  # !! should be distance, not radius?!
  def within_radius_of_item(geographic_item_id, distance)
    where(within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_DISJOINT, specifies all geographic_items that have data in column_name
  #   that are disjoint from the passed geographic_items
  def disjoint_from(column_name, *geographic_items)
    q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
      "ST_DISJOINT(#{column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item.to_param,
                                                         geographic_item.geo_object_type)}))"
    }.join(' and ')

    where(q)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   see are_contained_in_item_by_id
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem, Array] geographic_items
  def are_contained_in_item(column_name, *geographic_items)
    are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, geographic_items.flatten.map(&:id))
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name to search
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item_ids or array of geographic_item_ids to be tested.
  # @return [Scope] of GeographicItems
  #
  # If this scope is given an Array of GeographicItems as a second parameter,
  # it will return the 'OR' of each of the objects against the table.
  # SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "geographic_items"
  #        WHERE (ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (0.0 0.0 0.0)'))
  #               OR ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (-9.8 5.0 0.0)')))
  #
  def are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, *geographic_item_ids) # = containing
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # in case there is a array of arrays, or multiple objects
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id(column.to_s, geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id("#{column}", geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_item_ids.flatten.collect { |geographic_item_id|
        # discover the item types, and convert type to database type for 'multi_'
        b = GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id)
          .pluck(:type)[0].split(':')[2].downcase.gsub('lti', 'lti_')
        # a = GeographicItem.find(geographic_item_id).geo_object_type
        GeographicItem.containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item_id, b)
      }.join(' or ')
      q = 'FALSE' if q.blank? # this will prevent the invocation of *ALL* of the GeographicItems, if there are
      # no GeographicItems in the request (see CollectingEvent.name_hash(types)).
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [String] geometry of WKT
  # @return [Scope]
  # a single WKT geometry is compared against column or columns (except geometry_collection) to find geographic_items
  # which are contained in the WKT
  def are_contained_in_wkt(column_name, geometry)
    column_name.downcase!
    # column_name = 'point'
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt(column.to_s, geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt("#{column}", geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    else
      # column = points, geometry = square
      q = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geometry}'), #{column_name}::geometry)"
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  #    containing the items the shape of which is contained in the geographic_item[s] supplied.
  # @param column_name [String] can be any of DATA_TYPES, or 'any' to check against all types, 'any_poly' to check
  # against 'polygon' or 'multi_polygon', or 'any_line' to check against 'line_string' or 'multi_line_string'.
  #  CANNOT be 'geometry_collection'.
  # @param geographic_items [GeographicItem] Can be a single GeographicItem, or an array of GeographicItem.
  # @return [Scope]
  def is_contained_by(column_name, *geographic_items)
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
          end
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        GeographicItem.reverse_containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item.to_param,
                                              geographic_item.geo_object_type)
      }.join(' or ')
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_shortest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item).order('distance')
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_longest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      q = select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
        .order('distance desc')
      q
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String]
  def select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
    select("*, ST_Distance(#{column_name}, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) as distance")
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
    where("#{column_name} is not null and ST_Distance(#{column_name}, " \
          "GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) > 0")
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def not_including(geographic_items)
    where.not(id: geographic_items)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   includes an 'is_valid' attribute (True/False) for the passed geographic_item.  Uses St_IsValid.
  # @param [RGeo object] geographic_item
  def with_is_valid_geometry_column(geographic_item)
    where(id: geographic_item.id).select("ST_IsValid(ST_AsBinary(#{geographic_item.geo_object_type})) is_valid")
  end

  #
  # Other
  #

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id1
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id2
  # @return [Float]
  def distance_between(geographic_item_id1, geographic_item_id2)
    q1 = "ST_Distance(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, " \
      "(#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)})) as distance"
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(
      :sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance(?, (?)) as distance',
                            GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL,
                            select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)])
    GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id1).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] point
  # @return [Hash]
  #   as per #inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy but for Rgeo point
  def point_inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy(point)
    GeographicItem.containing_point(point).order(cached_total_area: :ASC).limit(1).first&.inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  end

  # @param [String] type_name ('polygon', 'point', 'line' [, 'circle'])
  # @return [String] if type
  def eval_for_type(type_name)
    retval = 'GeographicItem'
    case type_name.upcase
    when 'POLYGON'
      retval += '::Polygon'
    when 'LINESTRING'
      retval += '::LineString'
    when 'POINT'
      retval += '::Point'
    when 'MULTIPOLYGON'
      retval += '::MultiPolygon'
    when 'MULTILINESTRING'
      retval += '::MultiLineString'
    when 'MULTIPOINT'
      retval += '::MultiPoint'
    else
      retval = nil
    end
    retval
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @return [RGeo::Geographic object]
  def geometry_for(geographic_item_id)
    GeographicItem.select(GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry').find(geographic_item_id)['geometry']
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer, Array] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  def st_multi(*geographic_item_ids)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      "SELECT ST_Multi(ST_Collect(g.the_geom)) AS singlegeom
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom AS the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id IN (?))
  AS g;", geographic_item_ids.flatten
    )
  end
end # class << self

# @return [Hash]
#    a geographic_name_classification or empty Hash
# This is a quick approach that works only when
# the geographic_item is linked explicitly to a GeographicArea.
#
# !! Note that it is not impossible for a GeographicItem to be linked
# to > 1 GeographicArea, in that case we are assuming that all are
# equally refined, this might not be the case in the future because
# of how the GeographicArea gazetteer is indexed.
def quick_geographic_name_hierarchy
  geographic_areas.order(:id).each do |ga|
    h = ga.geographic_name_classification # not quick enough !!
    return h if h.present?
  end
  return  {}
end

# @return [Hash]
#   a geographic_name_classification (see GeographicArea) inferred by
# finding the smallest area containing this GeographicItem, in the most accurate gazetteer
# and using it to return country/state/county. See also the logic in
# filling in missing levels in GeographicArea.
def inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  if small_area = containing_geographic_areas
    .joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items)
    .merge(GeographicAreasGeographicItem.ordered_by_data_origin)
    .ordered_by_area
    .limit(1)
    .first
  return small_area.geographic_name_classification
  else
    {}
  end
end

def geographic_name_hierarchy
  a = quick_geographic_name_hierarchy # quick; almost never the case, UI not setup to do this
  return a if a.present?
  inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy # slow
end

# @return [Scope]
#   the Geographic Areas that contain (gis) this geographic item
def containing_geographic_areas
  GeographicArea.joins(:geographic_items).includes(:geographic_area_type)
    .joins("JOIN (#{GeographicItem.containing(id).to_sql}) j on geographic_items.id = j.id")
end

# @return [Boolean]
#   whether stored shape is ST_IsValid
def valid_geometry?
  GeographicItem.with_is_valid_geometry_column(self).first['is_valid']
end

# @return [Array of latitude, longitude]
#    the lat, lon of the first point in the GeoItem, see subclass for #st_start_point
def start_point
  o = st_start_point
  [o.y, o.x]
end

# @return [Array]
#   the lat, long, as STRINGs for the centroid of this geographic item
#   Meh- this: https://postgis.net/docs/en/ST_MinimumBoundingRadius.html
def center_coords
  r = GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
    "Select split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), " \
    "'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 1) latitude, split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
    "(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), 'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 2) " \
    "longitude from geographic_items where id = #{id};")[0]

  [r.latitude, r.longitude]
end

# @return [RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPointImpl]
#    representing the centroid of this geographic item
def centroid
  # Gis::FACTORY.point(*center_coords.reverse)
  return geo_object if type == 'GeographicItem::Point'
  return Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(self.st_centroid)
end

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (slower, more accurate)
def st_distance(geographic_item_id) # geo_object
  q1 = "ST_Distance((#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)}), " \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)})) as d"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance((?),(?)) as d',
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(self.id),
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)])
  deg = GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  deg * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST
end

# @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
# @return [Double] distance in meters
# Like st_distance but works with changed and non persisted objects
def st_distance_to_geographic_item(geographic_item)
  unless !persisted? || changed?
    a = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)})"
  else
    a = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geo_object}')"
  end

  unless !geographic_item.persisted? || geographic_item.changed?
    b = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item.id)})"
  else
    b = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geographic_item.geo_object}')"
  end

  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_value("SELECT ST_Distance(#{a}, #{b})")
end

alias_method :distance_to, :st_distance

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (faster, less accurate)
def st_distance_spheroid(geographic_item_id)
  q1 = "ST_DistanceSpheroid((#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id)})," \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)}),'#{Gis::SPHEROID}') as distance"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array,
                                ['ST_DistanceSpheroid((?),(?),?) as distance',
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id),
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id),
                                 Gis::SPHEROID])
  # TODO: what is _q2?
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
end

# @return [String]
#   a WKT POINT representing the centroid of the geographic item
def st_centroid
  GeographicItem.where(id: to_param).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_AsEWKT(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}))")).first.gsub(/SRID=\d*;/, '')
end

# @return [Integer]
#   the number of points in the geometry
def st_npoints
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_NPoints(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as npoints")).first
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   the geo type (i.e. column like :point, :multipolygon).  References the first-found object,
# according to the list of DATA_TYPES, or nil
def geo_object_type
  if self.class.name == 'GeographicItem' # a proxy check for new records
    geo_type
  else
    self.class::SHAPE_COLUMN
  end
end

# !!TODO: migrate these to use native column calls

# @return [RGeo instance, nil]
#  the Rgeo shape (See http://rubydoc.info/github/dazuma/rgeo/RGeo/Feature)
def geo_object
  begin
    if r = geo_object_type # rubocop:disable Lint/AssignmentInCondition
      send(r)
    else
      false
    end
  rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
    return nil # TODO: we need to render proper error for this!
  end
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def contains?(target_geo_object)
  return nil if target_geo_object.nil?
  self.geo_object.contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def within?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.within?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def intersects?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.intersects?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def near(target_geo_object, distance)
  self.geo_object.unsafe_buffer(distance).contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def far(target_geo_object, distance)
  !near(target_geo_object, distance)
end

# @return [GeoJSON hash]
#    via Rgeo apparently necessary for GeometryCollection
def rgeo_to_geo_json
  RGeo::GeoJSON.encode(geo_object).to_json
end

# @return [Hash]
#   in GeoJSON format
#   Computed via "raw" PostGIS (much faster). This
#   requires the geo_object_type and id.
#
def to_geo_json
  JSON.parse(
    GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
      "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
      "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a'])
end

# We don't need to serialize to/from JSON
def to_geo_json_string
  GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
    "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
    "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a']
end

# @return [Hash]
#   the shape as a GeoJSON Feature with some item metadata
def to_geo_json_feature
  @geometry ||= to_geo_json
  {'type' => 'Feature',
   'geometry' => geometry,
   'properties' => {
     'geographic_item' => {
       'id' => id}
   }
  }
end

# @param value [String] like:
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":"[[[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793],
#      [-67.11035013198853, 45.09937589848195],[-80.64550638198853, 25.01924647619111],[-117.55956888198853,
#      32.5591595028449],[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793]]]"},"properties":{}}'
#
#  '{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
# @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
def shape=(value)

  if value.present?

    begin
      geom = RGeo::GeoJSON.decode(value, json_parser: :json, geo_factory: Gis::FACTORY)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry => e
      errors.add(:base, "invalid geometry: #{e.to_s}")
      return
    end

    this_type = nil

    if geom.respond_to?(:geometry_type)
      this_type = geom.geometry_type.to_s
    elsif geom.respond_to?(:geometry)
      this_type = geom.geometry.geometry_type.to_s
    else
    end

    self.type = GeographicItem.eval_for_type(this_type) unless geom.nil?

    if type.blank?
      errors.add(:base, 'type is not set from shape')
      return
    end

    object = nil

    s = geom.respond_to?(:geometry) ? geom.geometry.to_s : geom.to_s

    begin
      object = Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(s)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
      errors.add(:self, 'Shape value is an Invalid Geometry')
    end

    write_attribute(this_type.underscore.to_sym, object)
    geom
  end
end

# @return [String]
def to_wkt
  #  10k  #<Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0dfd30fd0 @label="", @real=25.237487000005785, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=1.1704609999999995, @utime=5.507929999999988, @total=6.678390999999987>
  #  GeographicItem.select("ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) wkt").where(id: id).first.wkt

  # 10k <Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0e02f7540 @label="", @real=21.619827999995323, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=0.8850890000000007, @utime=3.2958549999999605, @total=4.180943999999961>
  if a =  ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} ) wkt from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first
    return a['wkt']
  else
    return nil
  end
end

# @return  [Float] in meters, calculated
# TODO: share with world
#    Geographic item 96862 (Cajamar in Brazil) is the only(?) record to fail using `false` (quicker) method of everything we tested
def area
  a = GeographicItem.where(id:).select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, true) as area_in_meters").first['area_in_meters']
  a = nil if a.nan?
  a
end

# @return [Float, false]
#    the value in square meters of the interesecting area of this and another GeographicItem
def intersecting_area(geographic_item_id)
  a = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('a')
  b = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('b')

  c = GeographicItem.connection.execute(
    "SELECT ST_Area(ST_Intersection(#{a}, #{b})) as intersecting_area
      FROM geographic_items a, geographic_items b
      WHERE a.id = #{id} AND b.id = #{geographic_item_id};"
  ).first
  c && c['intersecting_area'].to_f
end

# TODO: This is bad, while internal use of ONE_WEST_MEAN is consistent it is in-accurate given the vast differences of radius vs. lat/long position.
# When we strike the error-polygon from radius we should remove this
#
# Use case is returning the radius from a circle we calculated via buffer for error-polygon creation.
def radius
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_MinimumBoundingRadius( ST_Transform(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}, 4326 )  ) AS radius from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['radius'].split(',').last.chop.to_f
  r = (r * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST_MEAN).to_i
end


# Convention is to store in PostGIS in CCW
# @return Array [Boolean]
#   false - cw
#   true - ccw (preferred), except cee donuts
def orientations
  if multi_polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(" \
         SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(a.geom) as is_ccw
            FROM ( SELECT b.id, (ST_Dump(p_geom)).geom AS geom
               FROM (SELECT id, multi_polygon::geometry AS p_geom FROM geographic_items where id = #{id}) AS b \
          ) AS a;").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  elsif polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute("SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) as is_ccw \
            FROM geographic_items where  id = #{id};").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  else
    []
  end
end

# @return Boolean
#   looks at all orientations
#   if they follow the pattern [true, false, ... <all false>] then `true`, else `false`
# !! Does not confirm that shapes are nested !!
def is_basic_donut?
  a = orientations
  b = a.shift
  return false unless b
  a.uniq!
  a == [false]
end

def st_isvalid
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValid(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalid']
end

def st_isvalidreason
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValidReason(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalidreason']
end

# !! Unused. Doesn't check Geometry collection
def has_polygons?
  ['GeographicItem::MultiPolygon', 'GeographicItem::Polygon'].include?(self.type)
end

private

def align_winding
  if orientations.flatten.include?(false)
    case type
    when 'multi_polygon'
      ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set multi_polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(multi_polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    when 'polygon'
     ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    end     
  end
  true
end

# Crude debuging helper, write the shapes
# to a png
def self.debug_draw(geographic_item_ids = [])
  return false if geographic_item_ids.empty?

  sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
     ST_AsRaster(
        (SELECT ST_Union(multi_polygon::geometry) from geographic_items where id IN (" + geographic_item_ids.join(',') + ")), 1920, 1080
    )
   ) png;"

  # ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
  #     1920,
  #     1080)


  result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
  r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

  prefix = if geographic_item_ids.size > 10
             'multiple'
           else
             geographic_item_ids.join('_') + '_debug.draw.png'
           end

  n = prefix + '_debug.draw.png'

  # Open the file in binary write mode ("wb")
  File.open(n, 'wb') do |file|
    # Write the binary data to the file
    file.write(r)
  end
end

# def png

#   if ids = Otu.joins(:cached_map_items).first.cached_map_items.pluck(:geographic_item_id)

#     sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
#    ST_AsRaster(
#        ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
#            1024,
#            768)
#     ) png
#        from geographic_items where id IN (" + ids.join(',') + ');'

#     # hack, not the best way to unpack result
#     result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
#     r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

#     send_data r, filename: 'foo.png', type: 'imnage/png'

#   else
#     render json: {foo: false}
#   end
# end

def set_cached
  update_column(:cached_total_area, area)
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   returns the attribute (column name) containing data
#   nearly all methods should use #geo_object_type, not geo_type
def geo_type
  DATA_TYPES.each { |item|
    return item if send(item)
  }
  nil
end

# @return [Boolean, String] false if already set, or type to which it was set
def set_type_if_geography_present
  if type.blank?
    column = geo_type
    self.type = "GeographicItem::#{column.to_s.camelize}" if column
  end
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Array] of a point
#   Longitude |, Latitude -
def point_to_a(point)
  data = []
  data.push(point.x, point.y)
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Hash] of a point
def point_to_hash(point)
  {points: [point_to_a(point)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPoint] multi_point
# @return [Array] of points
def multi_point_to_a(multi_point)
  data = []
  multi_point.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of points
def multi_point_to_hash(_multi_point)
  # when we encounter a multi_point type, we only stick the points into the array, NOT it's identity as a group
  {points: multi_point_to_a(multi_point)}
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Array] of points in the line
def line_string_to_a(line_string)
  data = []
  line_string.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Hash] of points in the line
def line_string_to_hash(line_string)
  {lines: [line_string_to_a(line_string)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Array] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_a(polygon)
  # TODO: handle other parts of the polygon; i.e., the interior_rings (if they exist)
  data = []
  polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Hash] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_hash(polygon)
  {polygons: [polygon_to_a(polygon)]}
end

# @return [Array] of line_strings as arrays of points
# @param [RGeo::MultiLineString] multi_line_string
def multi_line_string_to_a(multi_line_string)
  data = []
  multi_line_string.each { |line_string|
    line_data = []
    line_string.points.each { |point|
      line_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(line_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of line_strings as hashes of points
def multi_line_string_to_hash(_multi_line_string)
  {lines: to_a}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPolygon] multi_polygon
# @return [Array] of arrays of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_a(multi_polygon)
  data = []
  multi_polygon.each { |polygon|
    polygon_data = []
    polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
      polygon_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(polygon_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of hashes of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_hash(_multi_polygon)
  {polygons: to_a}
end

# @return [Boolean] iff there is one and only one shape column set
def some_data_is_provided
  data = []

  DATA_TYPES.each do |item|
    data.push(item) if send(item).present?
  end

  case data.count
  when 0
    errors.add(:base, 'No shape provided or provided shape is invalid')
  when 1
    return true
  else
    data.each do |object|
      errors.add(object, 'More than one shape type provided')
    end
  end
  true
end
end

#multi_line_stringRGeo::Geographic::ProjectedMultiLineStringImpl

Returns:

  • (RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedMultiLineStringImpl)


40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 40

class GeographicItem < ApplicationRecord
  include Housekeeping::Users
  include Housekeeping::Timestamps
  include Shared::HasPapertrail
  include Shared::IsData
  include Shared::SharedAcrossProjects

  # @return [Hash, nil]
  #   An internal variable for use in super calls, holds a Hash in GeoJSON format (temporarily)
  attr_accessor :geometry

  # @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
  # @params value [Hash in GeoJSON format] ?!
  # TODO: WHY! boolean not nil, or object
  # Used to build geographic items from a shape [ of what class ] !?
  attr_accessor :shape

  # @return [Boolean]
  #   When true cached values are not built
  attr_accessor :no_cached

  DATA_TYPES = [
:point,
:line_string,
:polygon,
:multi_point,
:multi_line_string,
:multi_polygon,
:geometry_collection
  ].freeze

  GEOMETRY_SQL = Arel::Nodes::Case.new(arel_table[:type])
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPolygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Point').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::LineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Polygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiLineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPoint').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::GeometryCollection').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:geometry_collection].as('geometry')]))
.freeze

  GEOGRAPHY_SQL = "CASE geographic_items.type
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN geometry_collection
END".freeze

# ANTI_MERIDIAN = '0X0102000020E61000000200000000000000008066400000000000405640000000000080664000000000004056C0'
ANTI_MERIDIAN = 'LINESTRING (180 89.0, 180 -89)'.freeze

has_many :cached_map_items, inverse_of: :geographic_item

has_many :geographic_areas_geographic_items, dependent: :destroy, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas_geographic_items
has_many :asserted_distributions, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :geographic_area_types, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :parent_geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas, source: :parent

has_many :georeferences, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item,
  class_name: 'Georeference', foreign_key: :error_geographic_item_id, inverse_of: :error_geographic_item
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeferences, through: :georeferences, source: :collecting_event
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeference_error_geographic_item,
  through: :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item, source: :collecting_event

# TODO: THIS IS NOT GOOD
before_validation :set_type_if_geography_present

validate :some_data_is_provided
validates :type, presence: true # not needed

scope :include_collecting_event, -> { includes(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :geo_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :err_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:georeferences_through_error_geographic_item) }

after_save :set_cached, unless: Proc.new {|n| n.no_cached || errors.any? }
after_save :align_winding

class << self

  def aliased_geographic_sql(name = 'a')
    "CASE #{name}.type \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN #{name}.multi_polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN #{name}.point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN #{name}.line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN #{name}.polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN #{name}.multi_line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN #{name}.multi_point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN #{name}.geometry_collection \
     END"
  end

  def st_union(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Union(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  def st_collect(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Collect(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  # @return [GeographicItem::ActiveRecord_Relation]
  # @params [Array] array of geographic area ids
  def default_by_geographic_area_ids(geographic_area_ids = [])
    GeographicItem.
      joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items).
      merge(::GeographicAreasGeographicItem.default_geographic_item_data).
      where(geographic_areas_geographic_items: {geographic_area_id: geographic_area_ids})
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not the wtk intersects with the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  def crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      ['SELECT ST_Intersects(ST_GeogFromText(?), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', wkt, ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    ).first.r
  end

  # @param [Integer] ids
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not any GeographicItem passed intersects the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  #   This is our first line of defense against queries that define multiple shapes, one or
  #   more of which crosses the anti-meridian.  In this case the current TW strategy within the
  #   UI is to abandon the search, and prompt the user to refactor the query.
  def crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(*ids)
    q1 = ["SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (#{GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids)}) as " \
          'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (?) as ' \
                                                        'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids), ANTI_MERIDIAN])
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(q1).first.r
  end

  #
  # SQL fragments
  #

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the *geometry* for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)
    "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the geography for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = ?",
      geographic_item_id])
  end

  # @param [Symbol] choice
  # @return [String]
  #   a fragment returning either latitude or longitude columns
  def lat_long_sql(choice)
    return nil unless [:latitude, :longitude].include?(choice)
    f = "'D.DDDDDD'" # TODO: probably a constant somewhere
    v = (choice == :latitude ? 1 : 2)
    "CASE geographic_items.type
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
  "(geometry_collection::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(line_string::geometry), " \
  "#{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_line_string::geometry), #{f} ), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
END as #{choice}"
  end

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Integer] distance
  # @return [String]
  def within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance})"
  end


  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Number] distance in meters to grow/shrink the shape (negative allowed)
  # @param [Number] distance (in meters) (positive only?!)
  # @return [String]
  def st_buffer_st_within(geographic_item_id, distance, buffer = 0)
    "ST_DWithin(
    ST_Buffer(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, #{buffer}),
    (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance}
   )"
  end


  # TODO: 3D is overkill here
  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is intersecting
  def intersecting_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), ST_Transform( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', " \
      "4326), 4326), #{distance})"
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is fully covering
  def within_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_Covers( ST_Buffer(ST_SetSRID( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}'), 4326)::geography, #{distance}), (#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains() function, returns
  #   all geographic items which are contained in the item supplied
  def containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains(#{target_column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains(), returns
  #   all geographic_items which contain the supplied geographic_item
  def reverse_containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains((#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}), #{target_column_name}::geometry)"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment that represents the geometry of the geographic item specified (which has data in the
  # source_column_name, i.e. geo_object_type)
  def geometry_sql(geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil?
    "select geom_alias_tbl.#{source_column_name}::geometry from geographic_items geom_alias_tbl " \
      "where geom_alias_tbl.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String] of SQL
  def is_contained_by_sql(column_name, geographic_item)
    geo_id = geographic_item.id
    geo_type = geographic_item.geo_object_type
    template = '(ST_Contains((select geographic_items.%s::geometry from geographic_items where ' \
      'geographic_items.id = %d), %s::geometry))'
    retval = []
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
        end
      }
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
          end
        end
      }
    else
      retval = template % [geo_type, geo_id, column_name]
    end
    retval = retval.join(' OR ') if retval.instance_of?(Array)
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   a select query that returns a single geometry (column name 'single_geometry' for the collection of ids
  # provided via ST_Collect)
  def st_collect_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten!
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT ST_Collect(f.the_geom) AS single_geometry
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom as the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id in (?))
  AS f", geographic_item_ids])
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #    returns one or more geographic items combined as a single geometry in column 'single'
  def single_geometry_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    a = GeographicItem.st_collect_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    '(SELECT single.single_geometry FROM (' + a + ' ) AS single)'
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   returns a single geometry "column" (paren wrapped) as "single" for multiple geographic item ids, or the
  # geometry as 'geometry' for a single id
  def geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # *ALWAYS* reduce the pile to a single level of ids
    if geographic_item_ids.count == 1
      "(#{GeographicItem.geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_ids.first)})"
    else
      GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    end
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql_geog(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geography
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] ids
  # @return [Array]
  #   If we detect that some query id has crossed the meridian, then loop through
  #   and "manually" build up a list of results.
  #   Should only be used if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id? is true.
  #   Note that this does not return a Scope, so you can't chain it like contained_by?
  # TODO: test this
  def contained_by_with_antimeridian_check(*ids)
    ids.flatten! # make sure there is only one level of splat (*)
    results = []

    crossing_ids = []

    ids.each do |id|
      # push each which crosses
      crossing_ids.push(id) if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(id)
    end

    non_crossing_ids = ids - crossing_ids
    results.push GeographicItem.contained_by(non_crossing_ids).to_a if non_crossing_ids.any?

    crossing_ids.each do |id|
      # [61666, 61661, 61659, 61654, 61639]
      q1 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_AsText((SELECT polygon FROM geographic_items ' \
                                                         'WHERE id = ?))', id])
      r = GeographicItem.where(
        # GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(GeographicItem.find(id).geo_object.to_s)
        GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(
          ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(q1).first['st_astext'])
      ).to_a
      results.push(r)
    end

    results.flatten.uniq
  end

  # @params [String] well known text
  # @return [String] the SQL fragment for the specific geometry type, shifted by longitude
  # Note: this routine is called when it is already known that the A argument crosses anti-meridian
  def contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    "ST_Contains(ST_ShiftLongitude(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326)), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(point::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_point::geometry)
    END
    )
  )"
  end

  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # @params [String] wkt
  # @return [String] SQL fragment limiting geographics items to those in this WKT
  def contained_by_wkt_sql(wkt)
    if crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
      retval = contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    else
      retval = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END
    )
  )"
    end
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] sql for contained_by via ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: Can not use GEOMETRY_SQL because geometry_collection is not supported in ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: !! If the target GeographicItem#id crosses the anti-meridian then you may/will get unexpected results.
  def contained_by_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_Contains(
    #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
    CASE geographic_items.type
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END)"
  end

  # @param [RGeo:Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [String] sql for containing via ST_CoveredBy
  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # TODO: should this be wkt_point instead of rgeo_point?
  def containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
  ST_GeomFromText('#{rgeo_point}', 4326),
  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}
 )"
  end

  # @param [Interger] geographic_item_id
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_id)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id = ' \
      "#{geographic_item_id} LIMIT 1"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_collection_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id IN ' \
      "( #{geographic_item_ids.join(',')} )"
  end

  #
  # Scopes
  #

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing these collective geographic_item ids, not including self
  def containing(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_sql(geographic_item_ids)).not_ids(*geographic_item_ids)
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items contained by any of these geographic_item ids, not including self
  # (works via ST_ContainsProperly)
  def contained_by(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.contained_by_where_sql(geographic_item_ids))
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing this point
  # TODO: should be containing_wkt ?
  def containing_point(rgeo_point)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point))
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   adds an area_in_meters field, with meters
  def with_area
    select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, false) as area_in_meters")
  end

  # return [Scope]
  #   A scope that limits the result to those GeographicItems that have a collecting event
  #   through either the geographic_item or the error_geographic_item
  #
  # A raw SQL join approach for comparison
  #
  # GeographicItem.joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g1 ON geographic_items.id = g1.geographic_item_id').
  #   joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g2 ON geographic_items.id = g2.error_geographic_item_id').
  #   where("(g1.geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL OR g2.error_geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL)").uniq

  # @return [Scope] GeographicItem
  # This uses an Arel table approach, this is ultimately more decomposable if we need. Of use:
  #  http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel  <- best
  #  https://github.com/rails/arel
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4500629/use-arel-for-a-nested-set-join-query-and-convert-to-activerecordrelation
  #  http://rdoc.info/github/rails/arel/Arel/SelectManager
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7976358/activerecord-arel-or-condition
  #
  def with_collecting_event_through_georeferences
    geographic_items = GeographicItem.arel_table
    georeferences = Georeference.arel_table
    g1 = georeferences.alias('a')
    g2 = georeferences.alias('b')

    c = geographic_items.join(g1, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g1[:geographic_item_id]))
      .join(g2, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g2[:error_geographic_item_id]))

    GeographicItem.joins(# turn the Arel back into scope
                         c.join_sources # translate the Arel join to a join hash(?)
                        ).where(
                          g1[:id].not_eq(nil).or(g2[:id].not_eq(nil)) # returns a Arel::Nodes::Grouping
                        ).distinct
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'latitude' column
  def with_latitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:latitude))
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'longitude' column
  def with_longitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:longitude))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItems]
  # @return [Scope]
  def intersecting(column_name, *geographic_items)
    if column_name.downcase == 'any'
      pieces = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        pieces.push(GeographicItem.intersecting(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
      }

      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct

      GeographicItem.where(id: pieces.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        "ST_Intersects(#{column_name}, '#{geographic_item.geo_object}'    )" # seems like we want this: http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel/#/15/2
      }.join(' or ')

      where(q)
    end
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem#id] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Float] distance in meters ?!?!
  # @return [ActiveRecord::Relation]
  # !! should be distance, not radius?!
  def within_radius_of_item(geographic_item_id, distance)
    where(within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_DISJOINT, specifies all geographic_items that have data in column_name
  #   that are disjoint from the passed geographic_items
  def disjoint_from(column_name, *geographic_items)
    q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
      "ST_DISJOINT(#{column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item.to_param,
                                                         geographic_item.geo_object_type)}))"
    }.join(' and ')

    where(q)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   see are_contained_in_item_by_id
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem, Array] geographic_items
  def are_contained_in_item(column_name, *geographic_items)
    are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, geographic_items.flatten.map(&:id))
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name to search
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item_ids or array of geographic_item_ids to be tested.
  # @return [Scope] of GeographicItems
  #
  # If this scope is given an Array of GeographicItems as a second parameter,
  # it will return the 'OR' of each of the objects against the table.
  # SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "geographic_items"
  #        WHERE (ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (0.0 0.0 0.0)'))
  #               OR ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (-9.8 5.0 0.0)')))
  #
  def are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, *geographic_item_ids) # = containing
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # in case there is a array of arrays, or multiple objects
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id(column.to_s, geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id("#{column}", geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_item_ids.flatten.collect { |geographic_item_id|
        # discover the item types, and convert type to database type for 'multi_'
        b = GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id)
          .pluck(:type)[0].split(':')[2].downcase.gsub('lti', 'lti_')
        # a = GeographicItem.find(geographic_item_id).geo_object_type
        GeographicItem.containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item_id, b)
      }.join(' or ')
      q = 'FALSE' if q.blank? # this will prevent the invocation of *ALL* of the GeographicItems, if there are
      # no GeographicItems in the request (see CollectingEvent.name_hash(types)).
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [String] geometry of WKT
  # @return [Scope]
  # a single WKT geometry is compared against column or columns (except geometry_collection) to find geographic_items
  # which are contained in the WKT
  def are_contained_in_wkt(column_name, geometry)
    column_name.downcase!
    # column_name = 'point'
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt(column.to_s, geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt("#{column}", geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    else
      # column = points, geometry = square
      q = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geometry}'), #{column_name}::geometry)"
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  #    containing the items the shape of which is contained in the geographic_item[s] supplied.
  # @param column_name [String] can be any of DATA_TYPES, or 'any' to check against all types, 'any_poly' to check
  # against 'polygon' or 'multi_polygon', or 'any_line' to check against 'line_string' or 'multi_line_string'.
  #  CANNOT be 'geometry_collection'.
  # @param geographic_items [GeographicItem] Can be a single GeographicItem, or an array of GeographicItem.
  # @return [Scope]
  def is_contained_by(column_name, *geographic_items)
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
          end
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        GeographicItem.reverse_containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item.to_param,
                                              geographic_item.geo_object_type)
      }.join(' or ')
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_shortest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item).order('distance')
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_longest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      q = select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
        .order('distance desc')
      q
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String]
  def select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
    select("*, ST_Distance(#{column_name}, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) as distance")
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
    where("#{column_name} is not null and ST_Distance(#{column_name}, " \
          "GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) > 0")
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def not_including(geographic_items)
    where.not(id: geographic_items)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   includes an 'is_valid' attribute (True/False) for the passed geographic_item.  Uses St_IsValid.
  # @param [RGeo object] geographic_item
  def with_is_valid_geometry_column(geographic_item)
    where(id: geographic_item.id).select("ST_IsValid(ST_AsBinary(#{geographic_item.geo_object_type})) is_valid")
  end

  #
  # Other
  #

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id1
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id2
  # @return [Float]
  def distance_between(geographic_item_id1, geographic_item_id2)
    q1 = "ST_Distance(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, " \
      "(#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)})) as distance"
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(
      :sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance(?, (?)) as distance',
                            GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL,
                            select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)])
    GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id1).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] point
  # @return [Hash]
  #   as per #inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy but for Rgeo point
  def point_inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy(point)
    GeographicItem.containing_point(point).order(cached_total_area: :ASC).limit(1).first&.inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  end

  # @param [String] type_name ('polygon', 'point', 'line' [, 'circle'])
  # @return [String] if type
  def eval_for_type(type_name)
    retval = 'GeographicItem'
    case type_name.upcase
    when 'POLYGON'
      retval += '::Polygon'
    when 'LINESTRING'
      retval += '::LineString'
    when 'POINT'
      retval += '::Point'
    when 'MULTIPOLYGON'
      retval += '::MultiPolygon'
    when 'MULTILINESTRING'
      retval += '::MultiLineString'
    when 'MULTIPOINT'
      retval += '::MultiPoint'
    else
      retval = nil
    end
    retval
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @return [RGeo::Geographic object]
  def geometry_for(geographic_item_id)
    GeographicItem.select(GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry').find(geographic_item_id)['geometry']
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer, Array] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  def st_multi(*geographic_item_ids)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      "SELECT ST_Multi(ST_Collect(g.the_geom)) AS singlegeom
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom AS the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id IN (?))
  AS g;", geographic_item_ids.flatten
    )
  end
end # class << self

# @return [Hash]
#    a geographic_name_classification or empty Hash
# This is a quick approach that works only when
# the geographic_item is linked explicitly to a GeographicArea.
#
# !! Note that it is not impossible for a GeographicItem to be linked
# to > 1 GeographicArea, in that case we are assuming that all are
# equally refined, this might not be the case in the future because
# of how the GeographicArea gazetteer is indexed.
def quick_geographic_name_hierarchy
  geographic_areas.order(:id).each do |ga|
    h = ga.geographic_name_classification # not quick enough !!
    return h if h.present?
  end
  return  {}
end

# @return [Hash]
#   a geographic_name_classification (see GeographicArea) inferred by
# finding the smallest area containing this GeographicItem, in the most accurate gazetteer
# and using it to return country/state/county. See also the logic in
# filling in missing levels in GeographicArea.
def inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  if small_area = containing_geographic_areas
    .joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items)
    .merge(GeographicAreasGeographicItem.ordered_by_data_origin)
    .ordered_by_area
    .limit(1)
    .first
  return small_area.geographic_name_classification
  else
    {}
  end
end

def geographic_name_hierarchy
  a = quick_geographic_name_hierarchy # quick; almost never the case, UI not setup to do this
  return a if a.present?
  inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy # slow
end

# @return [Scope]
#   the Geographic Areas that contain (gis) this geographic item
def containing_geographic_areas
  GeographicArea.joins(:geographic_items).includes(:geographic_area_type)
    .joins("JOIN (#{GeographicItem.containing(id).to_sql}) j on geographic_items.id = j.id")
end

# @return [Boolean]
#   whether stored shape is ST_IsValid
def valid_geometry?
  GeographicItem.with_is_valid_geometry_column(self).first['is_valid']
end

# @return [Array of latitude, longitude]
#    the lat, lon of the first point in the GeoItem, see subclass for #st_start_point
def start_point
  o = st_start_point
  [o.y, o.x]
end

# @return [Array]
#   the lat, long, as STRINGs for the centroid of this geographic item
#   Meh- this: https://postgis.net/docs/en/ST_MinimumBoundingRadius.html
def center_coords
  r = GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
    "Select split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), " \
    "'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 1) latitude, split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
    "(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), 'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 2) " \
    "longitude from geographic_items where id = #{id};")[0]

  [r.latitude, r.longitude]
end

# @return [RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPointImpl]
#    representing the centroid of this geographic item
def centroid
  # Gis::FACTORY.point(*center_coords.reverse)
  return geo_object if type == 'GeographicItem::Point'
  return Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(self.st_centroid)
end

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (slower, more accurate)
def st_distance(geographic_item_id) # geo_object
  q1 = "ST_Distance((#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)}), " \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)})) as d"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance((?),(?)) as d',
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(self.id),
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)])
  deg = GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  deg * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST
end

# @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
# @return [Double] distance in meters
# Like st_distance but works with changed and non persisted objects
def st_distance_to_geographic_item(geographic_item)
  unless !persisted? || changed?
    a = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)})"
  else
    a = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geo_object}')"
  end

  unless !geographic_item.persisted? || geographic_item.changed?
    b = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item.id)})"
  else
    b = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geographic_item.geo_object}')"
  end

  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_value("SELECT ST_Distance(#{a}, #{b})")
end

alias_method :distance_to, :st_distance

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (faster, less accurate)
def st_distance_spheroid(geographic_item_id)
  q1 = "ST_DistanceSpheroid((#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id)})," \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)}),'#{Gis::SPHEROID}') as distance"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array,
                                ['ST_DistanceSpheroid((?),(?),?) as distance',
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id),
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id),
                                 Gis::SPHEROID])
  # TODO: what is _q2?
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
end

# @return [String]
#   a WKT POINT representing the centroid of the geographic item
def st_centroid
  GeographicItem.where(id: to_param).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_AsEWKT(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}))")).first.gsub(/SRID=\d*;/, '')
end

# @return [Integer]
#   the number of points in the geometry
def st_npoints
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_NPoints(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as npoints")).first
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   the geo type (i.e. column like :point, :multipolygon).  References the first-found object,
# according to the list of DATA_TYPES, or nil
def geo_object_type
  if self.class.name == 'GeographicItem' # a proxy check for new records
    geo_type
  else
    self.class::SHAPE_COLUMN
  end
end

# !!TODO: migrate these to use native column calls

# @return [RGeo instance, nil]
#  the Rgeo shape (See http://rubydoc.info/github/dazuma/rgeo/RGeo/Feature)
def geo_object
  begin
    if r = geo_object_type # rubocop:disable Lint/AssignmentInCondition
      send(r)
    else
      false
    end
  rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
    return nil # TODO: we need to render proper error for this!
  end
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def contains?(target_geo_object)
  return nil if target_geo_object.nil?
  self.geo_object.contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def within?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.within?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def intersects?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.intersects?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def near(target_geo_object, distance)
  self.geo_object.unsafe_buffer(distance).contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def far(target_geo_object, distance)
  !near(target_geo_object, distance)
end

# @return [GeoJSON hash]
#    via Rgeo apparently necessary for GeometryCollection
def rgeo_to_geo_json
  RGeo::GeoJSON.encode(geo_object).to_json
end

# @return [Hash]
#   in GeoJSON format
#   Computed via "raw" PostGIS (much faster). This
#   requires the geo_object_type and id.
#
def to_geo_json
  JSON.parse(
    GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
      "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
      "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a'])
end

# We don't need to serialize to/from JSON
def to_geo_json_string
  GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
    "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
    "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a']
end

# @return [Hash]
#   the shape as a GeoJSON Feature with some item metadata
def to_geo_json_feature
  @geometry ||= to_geo_json
  {'type' => 'Feature',
   'geometry' => geometry,
   'properties' => {
     'geographic_item' => {
       'id' => id}
   }
  }
end

# @param value [String] like:
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":"[[[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793],
#      [-67.11035013198853, 45.09937589848195],[-80.64550638198853, 25.01924647619111],[-117.55956888198853,
#      32.5591595028449],[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793]]]"},"properties":{}}'
#
#  '{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
# @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
def shape=(value)

  if value.present?

    begin
      geom = RGeo::GeoJSON.decode(value, json_parser: :json, geo_factory: Gis::FACTORY)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry => e
      errors.add(:base, "invalid geometry: #{e.to_s}")
      return
    end

    this_type = nil

    if geom.respond_to?(:geometry_type)
      this_type = geom.geometry_type.to_s
    elsif geom.respond_to?(:geometry)
      this_type = geom.geometry.geometry_type.to_s
    else
    end

    self.type = GeographicItem.eval_for_type(this_type) unless geom.nil?

    if type.blank?
      errors.add(:base, 'type is not set from shape')
      return
    end

    object = nil

    s = geom.respond_to?(:geometry) ? geom.geometry.to_s : geom.to_s

    begin
      object = Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(s)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
      errors.add(:self, 'Shape value is an Invalid Geometry')
    end

    write_attribute(this_type.underscore.to_sym, object)
    geom
  end
end

# @return [String]
def to_wkt
  #  10k  #<Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0dfd30fd0 @label="", @real=25.237487000005785, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=1.1704609999999995, @utime=5.507929999999988, @total=6.678390999999987>
  #  GeographicItem.select("ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) wkt").where(id: id).first.wkt

  # 10k <Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0e02f7540 @label="", @real=21.619827999995323, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=0.8850890000000007, @utime=3.2958549999999605, @total=4.180943999999961>
  if a =  ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} ) wkt from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first
    return a['wkt']
  else
    return nil
  end
end

# @return  [Float] in meters, calculated
# TODO: share with world
#    Geographic item 96862 (Cajamar in Brazil) is the only(?) record to fail using `false` (quicker) method of everything we tested
def area
  a = GeographicItem.where(id:).select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, true) as area_in_meters").first['area_in_meters']
  a = nil if a.nan?
  a
end

# @return [Float, false]
#    the value in square meters of the interesecting area of this and another GeographicItem
def intersecting_area(geographic_item_id)
  a = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('a')
  b = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('b')

  c = GeographicItem.connection.execute(
    "SELECT ST_Area(ST_Intersection(#{a}, #{b})) as intersecting_area
      FROM geographic_items a, geographic_items b
      WHERE a.id = #{id} AND b.id = #{geographic_item_id};"
  ).first
  c && c['intersecting_area'].to_f
end

# TODO: This is bad, while internal use of ONE_WEST_MEAN is consistent it is in-accurate given the vast differences of radius vs. lat/long position.
# When we strike the error-polygon from radius we should remove this
#
# Use case is returning the radius from a circle we calculated via buffer for error-polygon creation.
def radius
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_MinimumBoundingRadius( ST_Transform(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}, 4326 )  ) AS radius from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['radius'].split(',').last.chop.to_f
  r = (r * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST_MEAN).to_i
end


# Convention is to store in PostGIS in CCW
# @return Array [Boolean]
#   false - cw
#   true - ccw (preferred), except cee donuts
def orientations
  if multi_polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(" \
         SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(a.geom) as is_ccw
            FROM ( SELECT b.id, (ST_Dump(p_geom)).geom AS geom
               FROM (SELECT id, multi_polygon::geometry AS p_geom FROM geographic_items where id = #{id}) AS b \
          ) AS a;").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  elsif polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute("SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) as is_ccw \
            FROM geographic_items where  id = #{id};").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  else
    []
  end
end

# @return Boolean
#   looks at all orientations
#   if they follow the pattern [true, false, ... <all false>] then `true`, else `false`
# !! Does not confirm that shapes are nested !!
def is_basic_donut?
  a = orientations
  b = a.shift
  return false unless b
  a.uniq!
  a == [false]
end

def st_isvalid
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValid(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalid']
end

def st_isvalidreason
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValidReason(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalidreason']
end

# !! Unused. Doesn't check Geometry collection
def has_polygons?
  ['GeographicItem::MultiPolygon', 'GeographicItem::Polygon'].include?(self.type)
end

private

def align_winding
  if orientations.flatten.include?(false)
    case type
    when 'multi_polygon'
      ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set multi_polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(multi_polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    when 'polygon'
     ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    end     
  end
  true
end

# Crude debuging helper, write the shapes
# to a png
def self.debug_draw(geographic_item_ids = [])
  return false if geographic_item_ids.empty?

  sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
     ST_AsRaster(
        (SELECT ST_Union(multi_polygon::geometry) from geographic_items where id IN (" + geographic_item_ids.join(',') + ")), 1920, 1080
    )
   ) png;"

  # ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
  #     1920,
  #     1080)


  result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
  r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

  prefix = if geographic_item_ids.size > 10
             'multiple'
           else
             geographic_item_ids.join('_') + '_debug.draw.png'
           end

  n = prefix + '_debug.draw.png'

  # Open the file in binary write mode ("wb")
  File.open(n, 'wb') do |file|
    # Write the binary data to the file
    file.write(r)
  end
end

# def png

#   if ids = Otu.joins(:cached_map_items).first.cached_map_items.pluck(:geographic_item_id)

#     sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
#    ST_AsRaster(
#        ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
#            1024,
#            768)
#     ) png
#        from geographic_items where id IN (" + ids.join(',') + ');'

#     # hack, not the best way to unpack result
#     result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
#     r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

#     send_data r, filename: 'foo.png', type: 'imnage/png'

#   else
#     render json: {foo: false}
#   end
# end

def set_cached
  update_column(:cached_total_area, area)
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   returns the attribute (column name) containing data
#   nearly all methods should use #geo_object_type, not geo_type
def geo_type
  DATA_TYPES.each { |item|
    return item if send(item)
  }
  nil
end

# @return [Boolean, String] false if already set, or type to which it was set
def set_type_if_geography_present
  if type.blank?
    column = geo_type
    self.type = "GeographicItem::#{column.to_s.camelize}" if column
  end
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Array] of a point
#   Longitude |, Latitude -
def point_to_a(point)
  data = []
  data.push(point.x, point.y)
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Hash] of a point
def point_to_hash(point)
  {points: [point_to_a(point)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPoint] multi_point
# @return [Array] of points
def multi_point_to_a(multi_point)
  data = []
  multi_point.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of points
def multi_point_to_hash(_multi_point)
  # when we encounter a multi_point type, we only stick the points into the array, NOT it's identity as a group
  {points: multi_point_to_a(multi_point)}
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Array] of points in the line
def line_string_to_a(line_string)
  data = []
  line_string.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Hash] of points in the line
def line_string_to_hash(line_string)
  {lines: [line_string_to_a(line_string)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Array] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_a(polygon)
  # TODO: handle other parts of the polygon; i.e., the interior_rings (if they exist)
  data = []
  polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Hash] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_hash(polygon)
  {polygons: [polygon_to_a(polygon)]}
end

# @return [Array] of line_strings as arrays of points
# @param [RGeo::MultiLineString] multi_line_string
def multi_line_string_to_a(multi_line_string)
  data = []
  multi_line_string.each { |line_string|
    line_data = []
    line_string.points.each { |point|
      line_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(line_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of line_strings as hashes of points
def multi_line_string_to_hash(_multi_line_string)
  {lines: to_a}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPolygon] multi_polygon
# @return [Array] of arrays of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_a(multi_polygon)
  data = []
  multi_polygon.each { |polygon|
    polygon_data = []
    polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
      polygon_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(polygon_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of hashes of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_hash(_multi_polygon)
  {polygons: to_a}
end

# @return [Boolean] iff there is one and only one shape column set
def some_data_is_provided
  data = []

  DATA_TYPES.each do |item|
    data.push(item) if send(item).present?
  end

  case data.count
  when 0
    errors.add(:base, 'No shape provided or provided shape is invalid')
  when 1
    return true
  else
    data.each do |object|
      errors.add(object, 'More than one shape type provided')
    end
  end
  true
end
end

#multi_pointRGeo::Geographic::ProjectedMultiPointImpl

Returns:

  • (RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedMultiPointImpl)


40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 40

class GeographicItem < ApplicationRecord
  include Housekeeping::Users
  include Housekeeping::Timestamps
  include Shared::HasPapertrail
  include Shared::IsData
  include Shared::SharedAcrossProjects

  # @return [Hash, nil]
  #   An internal variable for use in super calls, holds a Hash in GeoJSON format (temporarily)
  attr_accessor :geometry

  # @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
  # @params value [Hash in GeoJSON format] ?!
  # TODO: WHY! boolean not nil, or object
  # Used to build geographic items from a shape [ of what class ] !?
  attr_accessor :shape

  # @return [Boolean]
  #   When true cached values are not built
  attr_accessor :no_cached

  DATA_TYPES = [
:point,
:line_string,
:polygon,
:multi_point,
:multi_line_string,
:multi_polygon,
:geometry_collection
  ].freeze

  GEOMETRY_SQL = Arel::Nodes::Case.new(arel_table[:type])
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPolygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Point').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::LineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Polygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiLineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPoint').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::GeometryCollection').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:geometry_collection].as('geometry')]))
.freeze

  GEOGRAPHY_SQL = "CASE geographic_items.type
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN geometry_collection
END".freeze

# ANTI_MERIDIAN = '0X0102000020E61000000200000000000000008066400000000000405640000000000080664000000000004056C0'
ANTI_MERIDIAN = 'LINESTRING (180 89.0, 180 -89)'.freeze

has_many :cached_map_items, inverse_of: :geographic_item

has_many :geographic_areas_geographic_items, dependent: :destroy, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas_geographic_items
has_many :asserted_distributions, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :geographic_area_types, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :parent_geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas, source: :parent

has_many :georeferences, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item,
  class_name: 'Georeference', foreign_key: :error_geographic_item_id, inverse_of: :error_geographic_item
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeferences, through: :georeferences, source: :collecting_event
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeference_error_geographic_item,
  through: :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item, source: :collecting_event

# TODO: THIS IS NOT GOOD
before_validation :set_type_if_geography_present

validate :some_data_is_provided
validates :type, presence: true # not needed

scope :include_collecting_event, -> { includes(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :geo_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :err_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:georeferences_through_error_geographic_item) }

after_save :set_cached, unless: Proc.new {|n| n.no_cached || errors.any? }
after_save :align_winding

class << self

  def aliased_geographic_sql(name = 'a')
    "CASE #{name}.type \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN #{name}.multi_polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN #{name}.point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN #{name}.line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN #{name}.polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN #{name}.multi_line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN #{name}.multi_point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN #{name}.geometry_collection \
     END"
  end

  def st_union(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Union(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  def st_collect(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Collect(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  # @return [GeographicItem::ActiveRecord_Relation]
  # @params [Array] array of geographic area ids
  def default_by_geographic_area_ids(geographic_area_ids = [])
    GeographicItem.
      joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items).
      merge(::GeographicAreasGeographicItem.default_geographic_item_data).
      where(geographic_areas_geographic_items: {geographic_area_id: geographic_area_ids})
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not the wtk intersects with the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  def crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      ['SELECT ST_Intersects(ST_GeogFromText(?), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', wkt, ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    ).first.r
  end

  # @param [Integer] ids
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not any GeographicItem passed intersects the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  #   This is our first line of defense against queries that define multiple shapes, one or
  #   more of which crosses the anti-meridian.  In this case the current TW strategy within the
  #   UI is to abandon the search, and prompt the user to refactor the query.
  def crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(*ids)
    q1 = ["SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (#{GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids)}) as " \
          'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (?) as ' \
                                                        'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids), ANTI_MERIDIAN])
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(q1).first.r
  end

  #
  # SQL fragments
  #

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the *geometry* for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)
    "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the geography for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = ?",
      geographic_item_id])
  end

  # @param [Symbol] choice
  # @return [String]
  #   a fragment returning either latitude or longitude columns
  def lat_long_sql(choice)
    return nil unless [:latitude, :longitude].include?(choice)
    f = "'D.DDDDDD'" # TODO: probably a constant somewhere
    v = (choice == :latitude ? 1 : 2)
    "CASE geographic_items.type
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
  "(geometry_collection::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(line_string::geometry), " \
  "#{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_line_string::geometry), #{f} ), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
END as #{choice}"
  end

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Integer] distance
  # @return [String]
  def within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance})"
  end


  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Number] distance in meters to grow/shrink the shape (negative allowed)
  # @param [Number] distance (in meters) (positive only?!)
  # @return [String]
  def st_buffer_st_within(geographic_item_id, distance, buffer = 0)
    "ST_DWithin(
    ST_Buffer(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, #{buffer}),
    (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance}
   )"
  end


  # TODO: 3D is overkill here
  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is intersecting
  def intersecting_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), ST_Transform( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', " \
      "4326), 4326), #{distance})"
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is fully covering
  def within_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_Covers( ST_Buffer(ST_SetSRID( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}'), 4326)::geography, #{distance}), (#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains() function, returns
  #   all geographic items which are contained in the item supplied
  def containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains(#{target_column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains(), returns
  #   all geographic_items which contain the supplied geographic_item
  def reverse_containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains((#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}), #{target_column_name}::geometry)"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment that represents the geometry of the geographic item specified (which has data in the
  # source_column_name, i.e. geo_object_type)
  def geometry_sql(geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil?
    "select geom_alias_tbl.#{source_column_name}::geometry from geographic_items geom_alias_tbl " \
      "where geom_alias_tbl.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String] of SQL
  def is_contained_by_sql(column_name, geographic_item)
    geo_id = geographic_item.id
    geo_type = geographic_item.geo_object_type
    template = '(ST_Contains((select geographic_items.%s::geometry from geographic_items where ' \
      'geographic_items.id = %d), %s::geometry))'
    retval = []
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
        end
      }
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
          end
        end
      }
    else
      retval = template % [geo_type, geo_id, column_name]
    end
    retval = retval.join(' OR ') if retval.instance_of?(Array)
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   a select query that returns a single geometry (column name 'single_geometry' for the collection of ids
  # provided via ST_Collect)
  def st_collect_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten!
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT ST_Collect(f.the_geom) AS single_geometry
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom as the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id in (?))
  AS f", geographic_item_ids])
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #    returns one or more geographic items combined as a single geometry in column 'single'
  def single_geometry_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    a = GeographicItem.st_collect_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    '(SELECT single.single_geometry FROM (' + a + ' ) AS single)'
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   returns a single geometry "column" (paren wrapped) as "single" for multiple geographic item ids, or the
  # geometry as 'geometry' for a single id
  def geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # *ALWAYS* reduce the pile to a single level of ids
    if geographic_item_ids.count == 1
      "(#{GeographicItem.geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_ids.first)})"
    else
      GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    end
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql_geog(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geography
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] ids
  # @return [Array]
  #   If we detect that some query id has crossed the meridian, then loop through
  #   and "manually" build up a list of results.
  #   Should only be used if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id? is true.
  #   Note that this does not return a Scope, so you can't chain it like contained_by?
  # TODO: test this
  def contained_by_with_antimeridian_check(*ids)
    ids.flatten! # make sure there is only one level of splat (*)
    results = []

    crossing_ids = []

    ids.each do |id|
      # push each which crosses
      crossing_ids.push(id) if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(id)
    end

    non_crossing_ids = ids - crossing_ids
    results.push GeographicItem.contained_by(non_crossing_ids).to_a if non_crossing_ids.any?

    crossing_ids.each do |id|
      # [61666, 61661, 61659, 61654, 61639]
      q1 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_AsText((SELECT polygon FROM geographic_items ' \
                                                         'WHERE id = ?))', id])
      r = GeographicItem.where(
        # GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(GeographicItem.find(id).geo_object.to_s)
        GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(
          ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(q1).first['st_astext'])
      ).to_a
      results.push(r)
    end

    results.flatten.uniq
  end

  # @params [String] well known text
  # @return [String] the SQL fragment for the specific geometry type, shifted by longitude
  # Note: this routine is called when it is already known that the A argument crosses anti-meridian
  def contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    "ST_Contains(ST_ShiftLongitude(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326)), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(point::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_point::geometry)
    END
    )
  )"
  end

  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # @params [String] wkt
  # @return [String] SQL fragment limiting geographics items to those in this WKT
  def contained_by_wkt_sql(wkt)
    if crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
      retval = contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    else
      retval = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END
    )
  )"
    end
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] sql for contained_by via ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: Can not use GEOMETRY_SQL because geometry_collection is not supported in ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: !! If the target GeographicItem#id crosses the anti-meridian then you may/will get unexpected results.
  def contained_by_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_Contains(
    #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
    CASE geographic_items.type
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END)"
  end

  # @param [RGeo:Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [String] sql for containing via ST_CoveredBy
  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # TODO: should this be wkt_point instead of rgeo_point?
  def containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
  ST_GeomFromText('#{rgeo_point}', 4326),
  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}
 )"
  end

  # @param [Interger] geographic_item_id
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_id)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id = ' \
      "#{geographic_item_id} LIMIT 1"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_collection_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id IN ' \
      "( #{geographic_item_ids.join(',')} )"
  end

  #
  # Scopes
  #

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing these collective geographic_item ids, not including self
  def containing(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_sql(geographic_item_ids)).not_ids(*geographic_item_ids)
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items contained by any of these geographic_item ids, not including self
  # (works via ST_ContainsProperly)
  def contained_by(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.contained_by_where_sql(geographic_item_ids))
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing this point
  # TODO: should be containing_wkt ?
  def containing_point(rgeo_point)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point))
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   adds an area_in_meters field, with meters
  def with_area
    select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, false) as area_in_meters")
  end

  # return [Scope]
  #   A scope that limits the result to those GeographicItems that have a collecting event
  #   through either the geographic_item or the error_geographic_item
  #
  # A raw SQL join approach for comparison
  #
  # GeographicItem.joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g1 ON geographic_items.id = g1.geographic_item_id').
  #   joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g2 ON geographic_items.id = g2.error_geographic_item_id').
  #   where("(g1.geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL OR g2.error_geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL)").uniq

  # @return [Scope] GeographicItem
  # This uses an Arel table approach, this is ultimately more decomposable if we need. Of use:
  #  http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel  <- best
  #  https://github.com/rails/arel
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4500629/use-arel-for-a-nested-set-join-query-and-convert-to-activerecordrelation
  #  http://rdoc.info/github/rails/arel/Arel/SelectManager
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7976358/activerecord-arel-or-condition
  #
  def with_collecting_event_through_georeferences
    geographic_items = GeographicItem.arel_table
    georeferences = Georeference.arel_table
    g1 = georeferences.alias('a')
    g2 = georeferences.alias('b')

    c = geographic_items.join(g1, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g1[:geographic_item_id]))
      .join(g2, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g2[:error_geographic_item_id]))

    GeographicItem.joins(# turn the Arel back into scope
                         c.join_sources # translate the Arel join to a join hash(?)
                        ).where(
                          g1[:id].not_eq(nil).or(g2[:id].not_eq(nil)) # returns a Arel::Nodes::Grouping
                        ).distinct
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'latitude' column
  def with_latitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:latitude))
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'longitude' column
  def with_longitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:longitude))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItems]
  # @return [Scope]
  def intersecting(column_name, *geographic_items)
    if column_name.downcase == 'any'
      pieces = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        pieces.push(GeographicItem.intersecting(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
      }

      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct

      GeographicItem.where(id: pieces.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        "ST_Intersects(#{column_name}, '#{geographic_item.geo_object}'    )" # seems like we want this: http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel/#/15/2
      }.join(' or ')

      where(q)
    end
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem#id] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Float] distance in meters ?!?!
  # @return [ActiveRecord::Relation]
  # !! should be distance, not radius?!
  def within_radius_of_item(geographic_item_id, distance)
    where(within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_DISJOINT, specifies all geographic_items that have data in column_name
  #   that are disjoint from the passed geographic_items
  def disjoint_from(column_name, *geographic_items)
    q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
      "ST_DISJOINT(#{column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item.to_param,
                                                         geographic_item.geo_object_type)}))"
    }.join(' and ')

    where(q)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   see are_contained_in_item_by_id
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem, Array] geographic_items
  def are_contained_in_item(column_name, *geographic_items)
    are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, geographic_items.flatten.map(&:id))
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name to search
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item_ids or array of geographic_item_ids to be tested.
  # @return [Scope] of GeographicItems
  #
  # If this scope is given an Array of GeographicItems as a second parameter,
  # it will return the 'OR' of each of the objects against the table.
  # SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "geographic_items"
  #        WHERE (ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (0.0 0.0 0.0)'))
  #               OR ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (-9.8 5.0 0.0)')))
  #
  def are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, *geographic_item_ids) # = containing
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # in case there is a array of arrays, or multiple objects
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id(column.to_s, geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id("#{column}", geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_item_ids.flatten.collect { |geographic_item_id|
        # discover the item types, and convert type to database type for 'multi_'
        b = GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id)
          .pluck(:type)[0].split(':')[2].downcase.gsub('lti', 'lti_')
        # a = GeographicItem.find(geographic_item_id).geo_object_type
        GeographicItem.containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item_id, b)
      }.join(' or ')
      q = 'FALSE' if q.blank? # this will prevent the invocation of *ALL* of the GeographicItems, if there are
      # no GeographicItems in the request (see CollectingEvent.name_hash(types)).
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [String] geometry of WKT
  # @return [Scope]
  # a single WKT geometry is compared against column or columns (except geometry_collection) to find geographic_items
  # which are contained in the WKT
  def are_contained_in_wkt(column_name, geometry)
    column_name.downcase!
    # column_name = 'point'
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt(column.to_s, geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt("#{column}", geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    else
      # column = points, geometry = square
      q = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geometry}'), #{column_name}::geometry)"
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  #    containing the items the shape of which is contained in the geographic_item[s] supplied.
  # @param column_name [String] can be any of DATA_TYPES, or 'any' to check against all types, 'any_poly' to check
  # against 'polygon' or 'multi_polygon', or 'any_line' to check against 'line_string' or 'multi_line_string'.
  #  CANNOT be 'geometry_collection'.
  # @param geographic_items [GeographicItem] Can be a single GeographicItem, or an array of GeographicItem.
  # @return [Scope]
  def is_contained_by(column_name, *geographic_items)
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
          end
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        GeographicItem.reverse_containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item.to_param,
                                              geographic_item.geo_object_type)
      }.join(' or ')
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_shortest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item).order('distance')
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_longest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      q = select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
        .order('distance desc')
      q
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String]
  def select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
    select("*, ST_Distance(#{column_name}, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) as distance")
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
    where("#{column_name} is not null and ST_Distance(#{column_name}, " \
          "GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) > 0")
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def not_including(geographic_items)
    where.not(id: geographic_items)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   includes an 'is_valid' attribute (True/False) for the passed geographic_item.  Uses St_IsValid.
  # @param [RGeo object] geographic_item
  def with_is_valid_geometry_column(geographic_item)
    where(id: geographic_item.id).select("ST_IsValid(ST_AsBinary(#{geographic_item.geo_object_type})) is_valid")
  end

  #
  # Other
  #

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id1
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id2
  # @return [Float]
  def distance_between(geographic_item_id1, geographic_item_id2)
    q1 = "ST_Distance(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, " \
      "(#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)})) as distance"
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(
      :sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance(?, (?)) as distance',
                            GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL,
                            select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)])
    GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id1).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] point
  # @return [Hash]
  #   as per #inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy but for Rgeo point
  def point_inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy(point)
    GeographicItem.containing_point(point).order(cached_total_area: :ASC).limit(1).first&.inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  end

  # @param [String] type_name ('polygon', 'point', 'line' [, 'circle'])
  # @return [String] if type
  def eval_for_type(type_name)
    retval = 'GeographicItem'
    case type_name.upcase
    when 'POLYGON'
      retval += '::Polygon'
    when 'LINESTRING'
      retval += '::LineString'
    when 'POINT'
      retval += '::Point'
    when 'MULTIPOLYGON'
      retval += '::MultiPolygon'
    when 'MULTILINESTRING'
      retval += '::MultiLineString'
    when 'MULTIPOINT'
      retval += '::MultiPoint'
    else
      retval = nil
    end
    retval
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @return [RGeo::Geographic object]
  def geometry_for(geographic_item_id)
    GeographicItem.select(GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry').find(geographic_item_id)['geometry']
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer, Array] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  def st_multi(*geographic_item_ids)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      "SELECT ST_Multi(ST_Collect(g.the_geom)) AS singlegeom
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom AS the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id IN (?))
  AS g;", geographic_item_ids.flatten
    )
  end
end # class << self

# @return [Hash]
#    a geographic_name_classification or empty Hash
# This is a quick approach that works only when
# the geographic_item is linked explicitly to a GeographicArea.
#
# !! Note that it is not impossible for a GeographicItem to be linked
# to > 1 GeographicArea, in that case we are assuming that all are
# equally refined, this might not be the case in the future because
# of how the GeographicArea gazetteer is indexed.
def quick_geographic_name_hierarchy
  geographic_areas.order(:id).each do |ga|
    h = ga.geographic_name_classification # not quick enough !!
    return h if h.present?
  end
  return  {}
end

# @return [Hash]
#   a geographic_name_classification (see GeographicArea) inferred by
# finding the smallest area containing this GeographicItem, in the most accurate gazetteer
# and using it to return country/state/county. See also the logic in
# filling in missing levels in GeographicArea.
def inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  if small_area = containing_geographic_areas
    .joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items)
    .merge(GeographicAreasGeographicItem.ordered_by_data_origin)
    .ordered_by_area
    .limit(1)
    .first
  return small_area.geographic_name_classification
  else
    {}
  end
end

def geographic_name_hierarchy
  a = quick_geographic_name_hierarchy # quick; almost never the case, UI not setup to do this
  return a if a.present?
  inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy # slow
end

# @return [Scope]
#   the Geographic Areas that contain (gis) this geographic item
def containing_geographic_areas
  GeographicArea.joins(:geographic_items).includes(:geographic_area_type)
    .joins("JOIN (#{GeographicItem.containing(id).to_sql}) j on geographic_items.id = j.id")
end

# @return [Boolean]
#   whether stored shape is ST_IsValid
def valid_geometry?
  GeographicItem.with_is_valid_geometry_column(self).first['is_valid']
end

# @return [Array of latitude, longitude]
#    the lat, lon of the first point in the GeoItem, see subclass for #st_start_point
def start_point
  o = st_start_point
  [o.y, o.x]
end

# @return [Array]
#   the lat, long, as STRINGs for the centroid of this geographic item
#   Meh- this: https://postgis.net/docs/en/ST_MinimumBoundingRadius.html
def center_coords
  r = GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
    "Select split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), " \
    "'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 1) latitude, split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
    "(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), 'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 2) " \
    "longitude from geographic_items where id = #{id};")[0]

  [r.latitude, r.longitude]
end

# @return [RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPointImpl]
#    representing the centroid of this geographic item
def centroid
  # Gis::FACTORY.point(*center_coords.reverse)
  return geo_object if type == 'GeographicItem::Point'
  return Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(self.st_centroid)
end

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (slower, more accurate)
def st_distance(geographic_item_id) # geo_object
  q1 = "ST_Distance((#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)}), " \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)})) as d"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance((?),(?)) as d',
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(self.id),
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)])
  deg = GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  deg * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST
end

# @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
# @return [Double] distance in meters
# Like st_distance but works with changed and non persisted objects
def st_distance_to_geographic_item(geographic_item)
  unless !persisted? || changed?
    a = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)})"
  else
    a = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geo_object}')"
  end

  unless !geographic_item.persisted? || geographic_item.changed?
    b = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item.id)})"
  else
    b = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geographic_item.geo_object}')"
  end

  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_value("SELECT ST_Distance(#{a}, #{b})")
end

alias_method :distance_to, :st_distance

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (faster, less accurate)
def st_distance_spheroid(geographic_item_id)
  q1 = "ST_DistanceSpheroid((#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id)})," \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)}),'#{Gis::SPHEROID}') as distance"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array,
                                ['ST_DistanceSpheroid((?),(?),?) as distance',
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id),
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id),
                                 Gis::SPHEROID])
  # TODO: what is _q2?
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
end

# @return [String]
#   a WKT POINT representing the centroid of the geographic item
def st_centroid
  GeographicItem.where(id: to_param).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_AsEWKT(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}))")).first.gsub(/SRID=\d*;/, '')
end

# @return [Integer]
#   the number of points in the geometry
def st_npoints
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_NPoints(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as npoints")).first
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   the geo type (i.e. column like :point, :multipolygon).  References the first-found object,
# according to the list of DATA_TYPES, or nil
def geo_object_type
  if self.class.name == 'GeographicItem' # a proxy check for new records
    geo_type
  else
    self.class::SHAPE_COLUMN
  end
end

# !!TODO: migrate these to use native column calls

# @return [RGeo instance, nil]
#  the Rgeo shape (See http://rubydoc.info/github/dazuma/rgeo/RGeo/Feature)
def geo_object
  begin
    if r = geo_object_type # rubocop:disable Lint/AssignmentInCondition
      send(r)
    else
      false
    end
  rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
    return nil # TODO: we need to render proper error for this!
  end
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def contains?(target_geo_object)
  return nil if target_geo_object.nil?
  self.geo_object.contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def within?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.within?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def intersects?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.intersects?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def near(target_geo_object, distance)
  self.geo_object.unsafe_buffer(distance).contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def far(target_geo_object, distance)
  !near(target_geo_object, distance)
end

# @return [GeoJSON hash]
#    via Rgeo apparently necessary for GeometryCollection
def rgeo_to_geo_json
  RGeo::GeoJSON.encode(geo_object).to_json
end

# @return [Hash]
#   in GeoJSON format
#   Computed via "raw" PostGIS (much faster). This
#   requires the geo_object_type and id.
#
def to_geo_json
  JSON.parse(
    GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
      "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
      "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a'])
end

# We don't need to serialize to/from JSON
def to_geo_json_string
  GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
    "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
    "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a']
end

# @return [Hash]
#   the shape as a GeoJSON Feature with some item metadata
def to_geo_json_feature
  @geometry ||= to_geo_json
  {'type' => 'Feature',
   'geometry' => geometry,
   'properties' => {
     'geographic_item' => {
       'id' => id}
   }
  }
end

# @param value [String] like:
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":"[[[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793],
#      [-67.11035013198853, 45.09937589848195],[-80.64550638198853, 25.01924647619111],[-117.55956888198853,
#      32.5591595028449],[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793]]]"},"properties":{}}'
#
#  '{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
# @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
def shape=(value)

  if value.present?

    begin
      geom = RGeo::GeoJSON.decode(value, json_parser: :json, geo_factory: Gis::FACTORY)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry => e
      errors.add(:base, "invalid geometry: #{e.to_s}")
      return
    end

    this_type = nil

    if geom.respond_to?(:geometry_type)
      this_type = geom.geometry_type.to_s
    elsif geom.respond_to?(:geometry)
      this_type = geom.geometry.geometry_type.to_s
    else
    end

    self.type = GeographicItem.eval_for_type(this_type) unless geom.nil?

    if type.blank?
      errors.add(:base, 'type is not set from shape')
      return
    end

    object = nil

    s = geom.respond_to?(:geometry) ? geom.geometry.to_s : geom.to_s

    begin
      object = Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(s)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
      errors.add(:self, 'Shape value is an Invalid Geometry')
    end

    write_attribute(this_type.underscore.to_sym, object)
    geom
  end
end

# @return [String]
def to_wkt
  #  10k  #<Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0dfd30fd0 @label="", @real=25.237487000005785, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=1.1704609999999995, @utime=5.507929999999988, @total=6.678390999999987>
  #  GeographicItem.select("ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) wkt").where(id: id).first.wkt

  # 10k <Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0e02f7540 @label="", @real=21.619827999995323, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=0.8850890000000007, @utime=3.2958549999999605, @total=4.180943999999961>
  if a =  ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} ) wkt from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first
    return a['wkt']
  else
    return nil
  end
end

# @return  [Float] in meters, calculated
# TODO: share with world
#    Geographic item 96862 (Cajamar in Brazil) is the only(?) record to fail using `false` (quicker) method of everything we tested
def area
  a = GeographicItem.where(id:).select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, true) as area_in_meters").first['area_in_meters']
  a = nil if a.nan?
  a
end

# @return [Float, false]
#    the value in square meters of the interesecting area of this and another GeographicItem
def intersecting_area(geographic_item_id)
  a = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('a')
  b = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('b')

  c = GeographicItem.connection.execute(
    "SELECT ST_Area(ST_Intersection(#{a}, #{b})) as intersecting_area
      FROM geographic_items a, geographic_items b
      WHERE a.id = #{id} AND b.id = #{geographic_item_id};"
  ).first
  c && c['intersecting_area'].to_f
end

# TODO: This is bad, while internal use of ONE_WEST_MEAN is consistent it is in-accurate given the vast differences of radius vs. lat/long position.
# When we strike the error-polygon from radius we should remove this
#
# Use case is returning the radius from a circle we calculated via buffer for error-polygon creation.
def radius
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_MinimumBoundingRadius( ST_Transform(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}, 4326 )  ) AS radius from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['radius'].split(',').last.chop.to_f
  r = (r * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST_MEAN).to_i
end


# Convention is to store in PostGIS in CCW
# @return Array [Boolean]
#   false - cw
#   true - ccw (preferred), except cee donuts
def orientations
  if multi_polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(" \
         SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(a.geom) as is_ccw
            FROM ( SELECT b.id, (ST_Dump(p_geom)).geom AS geom
               FROM (SELECT id, multi_polygon::geometry AS p_geom FROM geographic_items where id = #{id}) AS b \
          ) AS a;").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  elsif polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute("SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) as is_ccw \
            FROM geographic_items where  id = #{id};").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  else
    []
  end
end

# @return Boolean
#   looks at all orientations
#   if they follow the pattern [true, false, ... <all false>] then `true`, else `false`
# !! Does not confirm that shapes are nested !!
def is_basic_donut?
  a = orientations
  b = a.shift
  return false unless b
  a.uniq!
  a == [false]
end

def st_isvalid
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValid(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalid']
end

def st_isvalidreason
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValidReason(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalidreason']
end

# !! Unused. Doesn't check Geometry collection
def has_polygons?
  ['GeographicItem::MultiPolygon', 'GeographicItem::Polygon'].include?(self.type)
end

private

def align_winding
  if orientations.flatten.include?(false)
    case type
    when 'multi_polygon'
      ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set multi_polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(multi_polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    when 'polygon'
     ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    end     
  end
  true
end

# Crude debuging helper, write the shapes
# to a png
def self.debug_draw(geographic_item_ids = [])
  return false if geographic_item_ids.empty?

  sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
     ST_AsRaster(
        (SELECT ST_Union(multi_polygon::geometry) from geographic_items where id IN (" + geographic_item_ids.join(',') + ")), 1920, 1080
    )
   ) png;"

  # ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
  #     1920,
  #     1080)


  result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
  r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

  prefix = if geographic_item_ids.size > 10
             'multiple'
           else
             geographic_item_ids.join('_') + '_debug.draw.png'
           end

  n = prefix + '_debug.draw.png'

  # Open the file in binary write mode ("wb")
  File.open(n, 'wb') do |file|
    # Write the binary data to the file
    file.write(r)
  end
end

# def png

#   if ids = Otu.joins(:cached_map_items).first.cached_map_items.pluck(:geographic_item_id)

#     sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
#    ST_AsRaster(
#        ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
#            1024,
#            768)
#     ) png
#        from geographic_items where id IN (" + ids.join(',') + ');'

#     # hack, not the best way to unpack result
#     result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
#     r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

#     send_data r, filename: 'foo.png', type: 'imnage/png'

#   else
#     render json: {foo: false}
#   end
# end

def set_cached
  update_column(:cached_total_area, area)
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   returns the attribute (column name) containing data
#   nearly all methods should use #geo_object_type, not geo_type
def geo_type
  DATA_TYPES.each { |item|
    return item if send(item)
  }
  nil
end

# @return [Boolean, String] false if already set, or type to which it was set
def set_type_if_geography_present
  if type.blank?
    column = geo_type
    self.type = "GeographicItem::#{column.to_s.camelize}" if column
  end
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Array] of a point
#   Longitude |, Latitude -
def point_to_a(point)
  data = []
  data.push(point.x, point.y)
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Hash] of a point
def point_to_hash(point)
  {points: [point_to_a(point)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPoint] multi_point
# @return [Array] of points
def multi_point_to_a(multi_point)
  data = []
  multi_point.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of points
def multi_point_to_hash(_multi_point)
  # when we encounter a multi_point type, we only stick the points into the array, NOT it's identity as a group
  {points: multi_point_to_a(multi_point)}
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Array] of points in the line
def line_string_to_a(line_string)
  data = []
  line_string.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Hash] of points in the line
def line_string_to_hash(line_string)
  {lines: [line_string_to_a(line_string)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Array] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_a(polygon)
  # TODO: handle other parts of the polygon; i.e., the interior_rings (if they exist)
  data = []
  polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Hash] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_hash(polygon)
  {polygons: [polygon_to_a(polygon)]}
end

# @return [Array] of line_strings as arrays of points
# @param [RGeo::MultiLineString] multi_line_string
def multi_line_string_to_a(multi_line_string)
  data = []
  multi_line_string.each { |line_string|
    line_data = []
    line_string.points.each { |point|
      line_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(line_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of line_strings as hashes of points
def multi_line_string_to_hash(_multi_line_string)
  {lines: to_a}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPolygon] multi_polygon
# @return [Array] of arrays of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_a(multi_polygon)
  data = []
  multi_polygon.each { |polygon|
    polygon_data = []
    polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
      polygon_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(polygon_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of hashes of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_hash(_multi_polygon)
  {polygons: to_a}
end

# @return [Boolean] iff there is one and only one shape column set
def some_data_is_provided
  data = []

  DATA_TYPES.each do |item|
    data.push(item) if send(item).present?
  end

  case data.count
  when 0
    errors.add(:base, 'No shape provided or provided shape is invalid')
  when 1
    return true
  else
    data.each do |object|
      errors.add(object, 'More than one shape type provided')
    end
  end
  true
end
end

#multi_polygonRGeo::Geographic::ProjectedMultiPolygonImpl

CCW orientation is applied

Returns:

  • (RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedMultiPolygonImpl)


40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 40

class GeographicItem < ApplicationRecord
  include Housekeeping::Users
  include Housekeeping::Timestamps
  include Shared::HasPapertrail
  include Shared::IsData
  include Shared::SharedAcrossProjects

  # @return [Hash, nil]
  #   An internal variable for use in super calls, holds a Hash in GeoJSON format (temporarily)
  attr_accessor :geometry

  # @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
  # @params value [Hash in GeoJSON format] ?!
  # TODO: WHY! boolean not nil, or object
  # Used to build geographic items from a shape [ of what class ] !?
  attr_accessor :shape

  # @return [Boolean]
  #   When true cached values are not built
  attr_accessor :no_cached

  DATA_TYPES = [
:point,
:line_string,
:polygon,
:multi_point,
:multi_line_string,
:multi_polygon,
:geometry_collection
  ].freeze

  GEOMETRY_SQL = Arel::Nodes::Case.new(arel_table[:type])
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPolygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Point').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::LineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Polygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiLineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPoint').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::GeometryCollection').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:geometry_collection].as('geometry')]))
.freeze

  GEOGRAPHY_SQL = "CASE geographic_items.type
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN geometry_collection
END".freeze

# ANTI_MERIDIAN = '0X0102000020E61000000200000000000000008066400000000000405640000000000080664000000000004056C0'
ANTI_MERIDIAN = 'LINESTRING (180 89.0, 180 -89)'.freeze

has_many :cached_map_items, inverse_of: :geographic_item

has_many :geographic_areas_geographic_items, dependent: :destroy, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas_geographic_items
has_many :asserted_distributions, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :geographic_area_types, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :parent_geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas, source: :parent

has_many :georeferences, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item,
  class_name: 'Georeference', foreign_key: :error_geographic_item_id, inverse_of: :error_geographic_item
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeferences, through: :georeferences, source: :collecting_event
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeference_error_geographic_item,
  through: :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item, source: :collecting_event

# TODO: THIS IS NOT GOOD
before_validation :set_type_if_geography_present

validate :some_data_is_provided
validates :type, presence: true # not needed

scope :include_collecting_event, -> { includes(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :geo_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :err_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:georeferences_through_error_geographic_item) }

after_save :set_cached, unless: Proc.new {|n| n.no_cached || errors.any? }
after_save :align_winding

class << self

  def aliased_geographic_sql(name = 'a')
    "CASE #{name}.type \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN #{name}.multi_polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN #{name}.point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN #{name}.line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN #{name}.polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN #{name}.multi_line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN #{name}.multi_point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN #{name}.geometry_collection \
     END"
  end

  def st_union(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Union(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  def st_collect(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Collect(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  # @return [GeographicItem::ActiveRecord_Relation]
  # @params [Array] array of geographic area ids
  def default_by_geographic_area_ids(geographic_area_ids = [])
    GeographicItem.
      joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items).
      merge(::GeographicAreasGeographicItem.default_geographic_item_data).
      where(geographic_areas_geographic_items: {geographic_area_id: geographic_area_ids})
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not the wtk intersects with the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  def crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      ['SELECT ST_Intersects(ST_GeogFromText(?), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', wkt, ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    ).first.r
  end

  # @param [Integer] ids
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not any GeographicItem passed intersects the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  #   This is our first line of defense against queries that define multiple shapes, one or
  #   more of which crosses the anti-meridian.  In this case the current TW strategy within the
  #   UI is to abandon the search, and prompt the user to refactor the query.
  def crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(*ids)
    q1 = ["SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (#{GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids)}) as " \
          'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (?) as ' \
                                                        'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids), ANTI_MERIDIAN])
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(q1).first.r
  end

  #
  # SQL fragments
  #

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the *geometry* for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)
    "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the geography for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = ?",
      geographic_item_id])
  end

  # @param [Symbol] choice
  # @return [String]
  #   a fragment returning either latitude or longitude columns
  def lat_long_sql(choice)
    return nil unless [:latitude, :longitude].include?(choice)
    f = "'D.DDDDDD'" # TODO: probably a constant somewhere
    v = (choice == :latitude ? 1 : 2)
    "CASE geographic_items.type
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
  "(geometry_collection::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(line_string::geometry), " \
  "#{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_line_string::geometry), #{f} ), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
END as #{choice}"
  end

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Integer] distance
  # @return [String]
  def within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance})"
  end


  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Number] distance in meters to grow/shrink the shape (negative allowed)
  # @param [Number] distance (in meters) (positive only?!)
  # @return [String]
  def st_buffer_st_within(geographic_item_id, distance, buffer = 0)
    "ST_DWithin(
    ST_Buffer(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, #{buffer}),
    (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance}
   )"
  end


  # TODO: 3D is overkill here
  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is intersecting
  def intersecting_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), ST_Transform( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', " \
      "4326), 4326), #{distance})"
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is fully covering
  def within_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_Covers( ST_Buffer(ST_SetSRID( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}'), 4326)::geography, #{distance}), (#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains() function, returns
  #   all geographic items which are contained in the item supplied
  def containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains(#{target_column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains(), returns
  #   all geographic_items which contain the supplied geographic_item
  def reverse_containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains((#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}), #{target_column_name}::geometry)"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment that represents the geometry of the geographic item specified (which has data in the
  # source_column_name, i.e. geo_object_type)
  def geometry_sql(geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil?
    "select geom_alias_tbl.#{source_column_name}::geometry from geographic_items geom_alias_tbl " \
      "where geom_alias_tbl.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String] of SQL
  def is_contained_by_sql(column_name, geographic_item)
    geo_id = geographic_item.id
    geo_type = geographic_item.geo_object_type
    template = '(ST_Contains((select geographic_items.%s::geometry from geographic_items where ' \
      'geographic_items.id = %d), %s::geometry))'
    retval = []
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
        end
      }
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
          end
        end
      }
    else
      retval = template % [geo_type, geo_id, column_name]
    end
    retval = retval.join(' OR ') if retval.instance_of?(Array)
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   a select query that returns a single geometry (column name 'single_geometry' for the collection of ids
  # provided via ST_Collect)
  def st_collect_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten!
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT ST_Collect(f.the_geom) AS single_geometry
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom as the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id in (?))
  AS f", geographic_item_ids])
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #    returns one or more geographic items combined as a single geometry in column 'single'
  def single_geometry_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    a = GeographicItem.st_collect_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    '(SELECT single.single_geometry FROM (' + a + ' ) AS single)'
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   returns a single geometry "column" (paren wrapped) as "single" for multiple geographic item ids, or the
  # geometry as 'geometry' for a single id
  def geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # *ALWAYS* reduce the pile to a single level of ids
    if geographic_item_ids.count == 1
      "(#{GeographicItem.geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_ids.first)})"
    else
      GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    end
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql_geog(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geography
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] ids
  # @return [Array]
  #   If we detect that some query id has crossed the meridian, then loop through
  #   and "manually" build up a list of results.
  #   Should only be used if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id? is true.
  #   Note that this does not return a Scope, so you can't chain it like contained_by?
  # TODO: test this
  def contained_by_with_antimeridian_check(*ids)
    ids.flatten! # make sure there is only one level of splat (*)
    results = []

    crossing_ids = []

    ids.each do |id|
      # push each which crosses
      crossing_ids.push(id) if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(id)
    end

    non_crossing_ids = ids - crossing_ids
    results.push GeographicItem.contained_by(non_crossing_ids).to_a if non_crossing_ids.any?

    crossing_ids.each do |id|
      # [61666, 61661, 61659, 61654, 61639]
      q1 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_AsText((SELECT polygon FROM geographic_items ' \
                                                         'WHERE id = ?))', id])
      r = GeographicItem.where(
        # GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(GeographicItem.find(id).geo_object.to_s)
        GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(
          ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(q1).first['st_astext'])
      ).to_a
      results.push(r)
    end

    results.flatten.uniq
  end

  # @params [String] well known text
  # @return [String] the SQL fragment for the specific geometry type, shifted by longitude
  # Note: this routine is called when it is already known that the A argument crosses anti-meridian
  def contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    "ST_Contains(ST_ShiftLongitude(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326)), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(point::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_point::geometry)
    END
    )
  )"
  end

  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # @params [String] wkt
  # @return [String] SQL fragment limiting geographics items to those in this WKT
  def contained_by_wkt_sql(wkt)
    if crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
      retval = contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    else
      retval = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END
    )
  )"
    end
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] sql for contained_by via ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: Can not use GEOMETRY_SQL because geometry_collection is not supported in ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: !! If the target GeographicItem#id crosses the anti-meridian then you may/will get unexpected results.
  def contained_by_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_Contains(
    #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
    CASE geographic_items.type
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END)"
  end

  # @param [RGeo:Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [String] sql for containing via ST_CoveredBy
  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # TODO: should this be wkt_point instead of rgeo_point?
  def containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
  ST_GeomFromText('#{rgeo_point}', 4326),
  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}
 )"
  end

  # @param [Interger] geographic_item_id
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_id)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id = ' \
      "#{geographic_item_id} LIMIT 1"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_collection_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id IN ' \
      "( #{geographic_item_ids.join(',')} )"
  end

  #
  # Scopes
  #

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing these collective geographic_item ids, not including self
  def containing(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_sql(geographic_item_ids)).not_ids(*geographic_item_ids)
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items contained by any of these geographic_item ids, not including self
  # (works via ST_ContainsProperly)
  def contained_by(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.contained_by_where_sql(geographic_item_ids))
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing this point
  # TODO: should be containing_wkt ?
  def containing_point(rgeo_point)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point))
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   adds an area_in_meters field, with meters
  def with_area
    select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, false) as area_in_meters")
  end

  # return [Scope]
  #   A scope that limits the result to those GeographicItems that have a collecting event
  #   through either the geographic_item or the error_geographic_item
  #
  # A raw SQL join approach for comparison
  #
  # GeographicItem.joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g1 ON geographic_items.id = g1.geographic_item_id').
  #   joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g2 ON geographic_items.id = g2.error_geographic_item_id').
  #   where("(g1.geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL OR g2.error_geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL)").uniq

  # @return [Scope] GeographicItem
  # This uses an Arel table approach, this is ultimately more decomposable if we need. Of use:
  #  http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel  <- best
  #  https://github.com/rails/arel
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4500629/use-arel-for-a-nested-set-join-query-and-convert-to-activerecordrelation
  #  http://rdoc.info/github/rails/arel/Arel/SelectManager
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7976358/activerecord-arel-or-condition
  #
  def with_collecting_event_through_georeferences
    geographic_items = GeographicItem.arel_table
    georeferences = Georeference.arel_table
    g1 = georeferences.alias('a')
    g2 = georeferences.alias('b')

    c = geographic_items.join(g1, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g1[:geographic_item_id]))
      .join(g2, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g2[:error_geographic_item_id]))

    GeographicItem.joins(# turn the Arel back into scope
                         c.join_sources # translate the Arel join to a join hash(?)
                        ).where(
                          g1[:id].not_eq(nil).or(g2[:id].not_eq(nil)) # returns a Arel::Nodes::Grouping
                        ).distinct
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'latitude' column
  def with_latitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:latitude))
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'longitude' column
  def with_longitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:longitude))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItems]
  # @return [Scope]
  def intersecting(column_name, *geographic_items)
    if column_name.downcase == 'any'
      pieces = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        pieces.push(GeographicItem.intersecting(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
      }

      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct

      GeographicItem.where(id: pieces.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        "ST_Intersects(#{column_name}, '#{geographic_item.geo_object}'    )" # seems like we want this: http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel/#/15/2
      }.join(' or ')

      where(q)
    end
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem#id] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Float] distance in meters ?!?!
  # @return [ActiveRecord::Relation]
  # !! should be distance, not radius?!
  def within_radius_of_item(geographic_item_id, distance)
    where(within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_DISJOINT, specifies all geographic_items that have data in column_name
  #   that are disjoint from the passed geographic_items
  def disjoint_from(column_name, *geographic_items)
    q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
      "ST_DISJOINT(#{column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item.to_param,
                                                         geographic_item.geo_object_type)}))"
    }.join(' and ')

    where(q)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   see are_contained_in_item_by_id
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem, Array] geographic_items
  def are_contained_in_item(column_name, *geographic_items)
    are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, geographic_items.flatten.map(&:id))
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name to search
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item_ids or array of geographic_item_ids to be tested.
  # @return [Scope] of GeographicItems
  #
  # If this scope is given an Array of GeographicItems as a second parameter,
  # it will return the 'OR' of each of the objects against the table.
  # SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "geographic_items"
  #        WHERE (ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (0.0 0.0 0.0)'))
  #               OR ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (-9.8 5.0 0.0)')))
  #
  def are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, *geographic_item_ids) # = containing
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # in case there is a array of arrays, or multiple objects
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id(column.to_s, geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id("#{column}", geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_item_ids.flatten.collect { |geographic_item_id|
        # discover the item types, and convert type to database type for 'multi_'
        b = GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id)
          .pluck(:type)[0].split(':')[2].downcase.gsub('lti', 'lti_')
        # a = GeographicItem.find(geographic_item_id).geo_object_type
        GeographicItem.containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item_id, b)
      }.join(' or ')
      q = 'FALSE' if q.blank? # this will prevent the invocation of *ALL* of the GeographicItems, if there are
      # no GeographicItems in the request (see CollectingEvent.name_hash(types)).
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [String] geometry of WKT
  # @return [Scope]
  # a single WKT geometry is compared against column or columns (except geometry_collection) to find geographic_items
  # which are contained in the WKT
  def are_contained_in_wkt(column_name, geometry)
    column_name.downcase!
    # column_name = 'point'
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt(column.to_s, geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt("#{column}", geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    else
      # column = points, geometry = square
      q = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geometry}'), #{column_name}::geometry)"
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  #    containing the items the shape of which is contained in the geographic_item[s] supplied.
  # @param column_name [String] can be any of DATA_TYPES, or 'any' to check against all types, 'any_poly' to check
  # against 'polygon' or 'multi_polygon', or 'any_line' to check against 'line_string' or 'multi_line_string'.
  #  CANNOT be 'geometry_collection'.
  # @param geographic_items [GeographicItem] Can be a single GeographicItem, or an array of GeographicItem.
  # @return [Scope]
  def is_contained_by(column_name, *geographic_items)
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
          end
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        GeographicItem.reverse_containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item.to_param,
                                              geographic_item.geo_object_type)
      }.join(' or ')
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_shortest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item).order('distance')
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_longest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      q = select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
        .order('distance desc')
      q
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String]
  def select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
    select("*, ST_Distance(#{column_name}, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) as distance")
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
    where("#{column_name} is not null and ST_Distance(#{column_name}, " \
          "GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) > 0")
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def not_including(geographic_items)
    where.not(id: geographic_items)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   includes an 'is_valid' attribute (True/False) for the passed geographic_item.  Uses St_IsValid.
  # @param [RGeo object] geographic_item
  def with_is_valid_geometry_column(geographic_item)
    where(id: geographic_item.id).select("ST_IsValid(ST_AsBinary(#{geographic_item.geo_object_type})) is_valid")
  end

  #
  # Other
  #

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id1
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id2
  # @return [Float]
  def distance_between(geographic_item_id1, geographic_item_id2)
    q1 = "ST_Distance(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, " \
      "(#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)})) as distance"
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(
      :sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance(?, (?)) as distance',
                            GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL,
                            select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)])
    GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id1).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] point
  # @return [Hash]
  #   as per #inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy but for Rgeo point
  def point_inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy(point)
    GeographicItem.containing_point(point).order(cached_total_area: :ASC).limit(1).first&.inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  end

  # @param [String] type_name ('polygon', 'point', 'line' [, 'circle'])
  # @return [String] if type
  def eval_for_type(type_name)
    retval = 'GeographicItem'
    case type_name.upcase
    when 'POLYGON'
      retval += '::Polygon'
    when 'LINESTRING'
      retval += '::LineString'
    when 'POINT'
      retval += '::Point'
    when 'MULTIPOLYGON'
      retval += '::MultiPolygon'
    when 'MULTILINESTRING'
      retval += '::MultiLineString'
    when 'MULTIPOINT'
      retval += '::MultiPoint'
    else
      retval = nil
    end
    retval
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @return [RGeo::Geographic object]
  def geometry_for(geographic_item_id)
    GeographicItem.select(GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry').find(geographic_item_id)['geometry']
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer, Array] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  def st_multi(*geographic_item_ids)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      "SELECT ST_Multi(ST_Collect(g.the_geom)) AS singlegeom
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom AS the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id IN (?))
  AS g;", geographic_item_ids.flatten
    )
  end
end # class << self

# @return [Hash]
#    a geographic_name_classification or empty Hash
# This is a quick approach that works only when
# the geographic_item is linked explicitly to a GeographicArea.
#
# !! Note that it is not impossible for a GeographicItem to be linked
# to > 1 GeographicArea, in that case we are assuming that all are
# equally refined, this might not be the case in the future because
# of how the GeographicArea gazetteer is indexed.
def quick_geographic_name_hierarchy
  geographic_areas.order(:id).each do |ga|
    h = ga.geographic_name_classification # not quick enough !!
    return h if h.present?
  end
  return  {}
end

# @return [Hash]
#   a geographic_name_classification (see GeographicArea) inferred by
# finding the smallest area containing this GeographicItem, in the most accurate gazetteer
# and using it to return country/state/county. See also the logic in
# filling in missing levels in GeographicArea.
def inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  if small_area = containing_geographic_areas
    .joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items)
    .merge(GeographicAreasGeographicItem.ordered_by_data_origin)
    .ordered_by_area
    .limit(1)
    .first
  return small_area.geographic_name_classification
  else
    {}
  end
end

def geographic_name_hierarchy
  a = quick_geographic_name_hierarchy # quick; almost never the case, UI not setup to do this
  return a if a.present?
  inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy # slow
end

# @return [Scope]
#   the Geographic Areas that contain (gis) this geographic item
def containing_geographic_areas
  GeographicArea.joins(:geographic_items).includes(:geographic_area_type)
    .joins("JOIN (#{GeographicItem.containing(id).to_sql}) j on geographic_items.id = j.id")
end

# @return [Boolean]
#   whether stored shape is ST_IsValid
def valid_geometry?
  GeographicItem.with_is_valid_geometry_column(self).first['is_valid']
end

# @return [Array of latitude, longitude]
#    the lat, lon of the first point in the GeoItem, see subclass for #st_start_point
def start_point
  o = st_start_point
  [o.y, o.x]
end

# @return [Array]
#   the lat, long, as STRINGs for the centroid of this geographic item
#   Meh- this: https://postgis.net/docs/en/ST_MinimumBoundingRadius.html
def center_coords
  r = GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
    "Select split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), " \
    "'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 1) latitude, split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
    "(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), 'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 2) " \
    "longitude from geographic_items where id = #{id};")[0]

  [r.latitude, r.longitude]
end

# @return [RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPointImpl]
#    representing the centroid of this geographic item
def centroid
  # Gis::FACTORY.point(*center_coords.reverse)
  return geo_object if type == 'GeographicItem::Point'
  return Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(self.st_centroid)
end

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (slower, more accurate)
def st_distance(geographic_item_id) # geo_object
  q1 = "ST_Distance((#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)}), " \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)})) as d"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance((?),(?)) as d',
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(self.id),
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)])
  deg = GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  deg * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST
end

# @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
# @return [Double] distance in meters
# Like st_distance but works with changed and non persisted objects
def st_distance_to_geographic_item(geographic_item)
  unless !persisted? || changed?
    a = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)})"
  else
    a = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geo_object}')"
  end

  unless !geographic_item.persisted? || geographic_item.changed?
    b = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item.id)})"
  else
    b = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geographic_item.geo_object}')"
  end

  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_value("SELECT ST_Distance(#{a}, #{b})")
end

alias_method :distance_to, :st_distance

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (faster, less accurate)
def st_distance_spheroid(geographic_item_id)
  q1 = "ST_DistanceSpheroid((#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id)})," \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)}),'#{Gis::SPHEROID}') as distance"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array,
                                ['ST_DistanceSpheroid((?),(?),?) as distance',
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id),
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id),
                                 Gis::SPHEROID])
  # TODO: what is _q2?
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
end

# @return [String]
#   a WKT POINT representing the centroid of the geographic item
def st_centroid
  GeographicItem.where(id: to_param).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_AsEWKT(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}))")).first.gsub(/SRID=\d*;/, '')
end

# @return [Integer]
#   the number of points in the geometry
def st_npoints
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_NPoints(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as npoints")).first
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   the geo type (i.e. column like :point, :multipolygon).  References the first-found object,
# according to the list of DATA_TYPES, or nil
def geo_object_type
  if self.class.name == 'GeographicItem' # a proxy check for new records
    geo_type
  else
    self.class::SHAPE_COLUMN
  end
end

# !!TODO: migrate these to use native column calls

# @return [RGeo instance, nil]
#  the Rgeo shape (See http://rubydoc.info/github/dazuma/rgeo/RGeo/Feature)
def geo_object
  begin
    if r = geo_object_type # rubocop:disable Lint/AssignmentInCondition
      send(r)
    else
      false
    end
  rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
    return nil # TODO: we need to render proper error for this!
  end
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def contains?(target_geo_object)
  return nil if target_geo_object.nil?
  self.geo_object.contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def within?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.within?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def intersects?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.intersects?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def near(target_geo_object, distance)
  self.geo_object.unsafe_buffer(distance).contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def far(target_geo_object, distance)
  !near(target_geo_object, distance)
end

# @return [GeoJSON hash]
#    via Rgeo apparently necessary for GeometryCollection
def rgeo_to_geo_json
  RGeo::GeoJSON.encode(geo_object).to_json
end

# @return [Hash]
#   in GeoJSON format
#   Computed via "raw" PostGIS (much faster). This
#   requires the geo_object_type and id.
#
def to_geo_json
  JSON.parse(
    GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
      "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
      "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a'])
end

# We don't need to serialize to/from JSON
def to_geo_json_string
  GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
    "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
    "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a']
end

# @return [Hash]
#   the shape as a GeoJSON Feature with some item metadata
def to_geo_json_feature
  @geometry ||= to_geo_json
  {'type' => 'Feature',
   'geometry' => geometry,
   'properties' => {
     'geographic_item' => {
       'id' => id}
   }
  }
end

# @param value [String] like:
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":"[[[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793],
#      [-67.11035013198853, 45.09937589848195],[-80.64550638198853, 25.01924647619111],[-117.55956888198853,
#      32.5591595028449],[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793]]]"},"properties":{}}'
#
#  '{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
# @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
def shape=(value)

  if value.present?

    begin
      geom = RGeo::GeoJSON.decode(value, json_parser: :json, geo_factory: Gis::FACTORY)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry => e
      errors.add(:base, "invalid geometry: #{e.to_s}")
      return
    end

    this_type = nil

    if geom.respond_to?(:geometry_type)
      this_type = geom.geometry_type.to_s
    elsif geom.respond_to?(:geometry)
      this_type = geom.geometry.geometry_type.to_s
    else
    end

    self.type = GeographicItem.eval_for_type(this_type) unless geom.nil?

    if type.blank?
      errors.add(:base, 'type is not set from shape')
      return
    end

    object = nil

    s = geom.respond_to?(:geometry) ? geom.geometry.to_s : geom.to_s

    begin
      object = Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(s)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
      errors.add(:self, 'Shape value is an Invalid Geometry')
    end

    write_attribute(this_type.underscore.to_sym, object)
    geom
  end
end

# @return [String]
def to_wkt
  #  10k  #<Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0dfd30fd0 @label="", @real=25.237487000005785, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=1.1704609999999995, @utime=5.507929999999988, @total=6.678390999999987>
  #  GeographicItem.select("ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) wkt").where(id: id).first.wkt

  # 10k <Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0e02f7540 @label="", @real=21.619827999995323, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=0.8850890000000007, @utime=3.2958549999999605, @total=4.180943999999961>
  if a =  ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} ) wkt from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first
    return a['wkt']
  else
    return nil
  end
end

# @return  [Float] in meters, calculated
# TODO: share with world
#    Geographic item 96862 (Cajamar in Brazil) is the only(?) record to fail using `false` (quicker) method of everything we tested
def area
  a = GeographicItem.where(id:).select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, true) as area_in_meters").first['area_in_meters']
  a = nil if a.nan?
  a
end

# @return [Float, false]
#    the value in square meters of the interesecting area of this and another GeographicItem
def intersecting_area(geographic_item_id)
  a = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('a')
  b = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('b')

  c = GeographicItem.connection.execute(
    "SELECT ST_Area(ST_Intersection(#{a}, #{b})) as intersecting_area
      FROM geographic_items a, geographic_items b
      WHERE a.id = #{id} AND b.id = #{geographic_item_id};"
  ).first
  c && c['intersecting_area'].to_f
end

# TODO: This is bad, while internal use of ONE_WEST_MEAN is consistent it is in-accurate given the vast differences of radius vs. lat/long position.
# When we strike the error-polygon from radius we should remove this
#
# Use case is returning the radius from a circle we calculated via buffer for error-polygon creation.
def radius
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_MinimumBoundingRadius( ST_Transform(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}, 4326 )  ) AS radius from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['radius'].split(',').last.chop.to_f
  r = (r * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST_MEAN).to_i
end


# Convention is to store in PostGIS in CCW
# @return Array [Boolean]
#   false - cw
#   true - ccw (preferred), except cee donuts
def orientations
  if multi_polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(" \
         SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(a.geom) as is_ccw
            FROM ( SELECT b.id, (ST_Dump(p_geom)).geom AS geom
               FROM (SELECT id, multi_polygon::geometry AS p_geom FROM geographic_items where id = #{id}) AS b \
          ) AS a;").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  elsif polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute("SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) as is_ccw \
            FROM geographic_items where  id = #{id};").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  else
    []
  end
end

# @return Boolean
#   looks at all orientations
#   if they follow the pattern [true, false, ... <all false>] then `true`, else `false`
# !! Does not confirm that shapes are nested !!
def is_basic_donut?
  a = orientations
  b = a.shift
  return false unless b
  a.uniq!
  a == [false]
end

def st_isvalid
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValid(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalid']
end

def st_isvalidreason
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValidReason(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalidreason']
end

# !! Unused. Doesn't check Geometry collection
def has_polygons?
  ['GeographicItem::MultiPolygon', 'GeographicItem::Polygon'].include?(self.type)
end

private

def align_winding
  if orientations.flatten.include?(false)
    case type
    when 'multi_polygon'
      ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set multi_polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(multi_polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    when 'polygon'
     ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    end     
  end
  true
end

# Crude debuging helper, write the shapes
# to a png
def self.debug_draw(geographic_item_ids = [])
  return false if geographic_item_ids.empty?

  sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
     ST_AsRaster(
        (SELECT ST_Union(multi_polygon::geometry) from geographic_items where id IN (" + geographic_item_ids.join(',') + ")), 1920, 1080
    )
   ) png;"

  # ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
  #     1920,
  #     1080)


  result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
  r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

  prefix = if geographic_item_ids.size > 10
             'multiple'
           else
             geographic_item_ids.join('_') + '_debug.draw.png'
           end

  n = prefix + '_debug.draw.png'

  # Open the file in binary write mode ("wb")
  File.open(n, 'wb') do |file|
    # Write the binary data to the file
    file.write(r)
  end
end

# def png

#   if ids = Otu.joins(:cached_map_items).first.cached_map_items.pluck(:geographic_item_id)

#     sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
#    ST_AsRaster(
#        ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
#            1024,
#            768)
#     ) png
#        from geographic_items where id IN (" + ids.join(',') + ');'

#     # hack, not the best way to unpack result
#     result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
#     r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

#     send_data r, filename: 'foo.png', type: 'imnage/png'

#   else
#     render json: {foo: false}
#   end
# end

def set_cached
  update_column(:cached_total_area, area)
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   returns the attribute (column name) containing data
#   nearly all methods should use #geo_object_type, not geo_type
def geo_type
  DATA_TYPES.each { |item|
    return item if send(item)
  }
  nil
end

# @return [Boolean, String] false if already set, or type to which it was set
def set_type_if_geography_present
  if type.blank?
    column = geo_type
    self.type = "GeographicItem::#{column.to_s.camelize}" if column
  end
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Array] of a point
#   Longitude |, Latitude -
def point_to_a(point)
  data = []
  data.push(point.x, point.y)
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Hash] of a point
def point_to_hash(point)
  {points: [point_to_a(point)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPoint] multi_point
# @return [Array] of points
def multi_point_to_a(multi_point)
  data = []
  multi_point.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of points
def multi_point_to_hash(_multi_point)
  # when we encounter a multi_point type, we only stick the points into the array, NOT it's identity as a group
  {points: multi_point_to_a(multi_point)}
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Array] of points in the line
def line_string_to_a(line_string)
  data = []
  line_string.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Hash] of points in the line
def line_string_to_hash(line_string)
  {lines: [line_string_to_a(line_string)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Array] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_a(polygon)
  # TODO: handle other parts of the polygon; i.e., the interior_rings (if they exist)
  data = []
  polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Hash] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_hash(polygon)
  {polygons: [polygon_to_a(polygon)]}
end

# @return [Array] of line_strings as arrays of points
# @param [RGeo::MultiLineString] multi_line_string
def multi_line_string_to_a(multi_line_string)
  data = []
  multi_line_string.each { |line_string|
    line_data = []
    line_string.points.each { |point|
      line_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(line_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of line_strings as hashes of points
def multi_line_string_to_hash(_multi_line_string)
  {lines: to_a}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPolygon] multi_polygon
# @return [Array] of arrays of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_a(multi_polygon)
  data = []
  multi_polygon.each { |polygon|
    polygon_data = []
    polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
      polygon_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(polygon_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of hashes of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_hash(_multi_polygon)
  {polygons: to_a}
end

# @return [Boolean] iff there is one and only one shape column set
def some_data_is_provided
  data = []

  DATA_TYPES.each do |item|
    data.push(item) if send(item).present?
  end

  case data.count
  when 0
    errors.add(:base, 'No shape provided or provided shape is invalid')
  when 1
    return true
  else
    data.each do |object|
      errors.add(object, 'More than one shape type provided')
    end
  end
  true
end
end

#no_cachedBoolean

Returns When true cached values are not built.

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

    When true cached values are not built



59
60
61
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 59

def no_cached
  @no_cached
end

#pointRGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPointImpl

Returns:

  • (RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPointImpl)


40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 40

class GeographicItem < ApplicationRecord
  include Housekeeping::Users
  include Housekeeping::Timestamps
  include Shared::HasPapertrail
  include Shared::IsData
  include Shared::SharedAcrossProjects

  # @return [Hash, nil]
  #   An internal variable for use in super calls, holds a Hash in GeoJSON format (temporarily)
  attr_accessor :geometry

  # @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
  # @params value [Hash in GeoJSON format] ?!
  # TODO: WHY! boolean not nil, or object
  # Used to build geographic items from a shape [ of what class ] !?
  attr_accessor :shape

  # @return [Boolean]
  #   When true cached values are not built
  attr_accessor :no_cached

  DATA_TYPES = [
:point,
:line_string,
:polygon,
:multi_point,
:multi_line_string,
:multi_polygon,
:geometry_collection
  ].freeze

  GEOMETRY_SQL = Arel::Nodes::Case.new(arel_table[:type])
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPolygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Point').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::LineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Polygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiLineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPoint').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::GeometryCollection').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:geometry_collection].as('geometry')]))
.freeze

  GEOGRAPHY_SQL = "CASE geographic_items.type
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN geometry_collection
END".freeze

# ANTI_MERIDIAN = '0X0102000020E61000000200000000000000008066400000000000405640000000000080664000000000004056C0'
ANTI_MERIDIAN = 'LINESTRING (180 89.0, 180 -89)'.freeze

has_many :cached_map_items, inverse_of: :geographic_item

has_many :geographic_areas_geographic_items, dependent: :destroy, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas_geographic_items
has_many :asserted_distributions, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :geographic_area_types, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :parent_geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas, source: :parent

has_many :georeferences, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item,
  class_name: 'Georeference', foreign_key: :error_geographic_item_id, inverse_of: :error_geographic_item
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeferences, through: :georeferences, source: :collecting_event
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeference_error_geographic_item,
  through: :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item, source: :collecting_event

# TODO: THIS IS NOT GOOD
before_validation :set_type_if_geography_present

validate :some_data_is_provided
validates :type, presence: true # not needed

scope :include_collecting_event, -> { includes(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :geo_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :err_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:georeferences_through_error_geographic_item) }

after_save :set_cached, unless: Proc.new {|n| n.no_cached || errors.any? }
after_save :align_winding

class << self

  def aliased_geographic_sql(name = 'a')
    "CASE #{name}.type \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN #{name}.multi_polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN #{name}.point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN #{name}.line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN #{name}.polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN #{name}.multi_line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN #{name}.multi_point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN #{name}.geometry_collection \
     END"
  end

  def st_union(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Union(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  def st_collect(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Collect(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  # @return [GeographicItem::ActiveRecord_Relation]
  # @params [Array] array of geographic area ids
  def default_by_geographic_area_ids(geographic_area_ids = [])
    GeographicItem.
      joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items).
      merge(::GeographicAreasGeographicItem.default_geographic_item_data).
      where(geographic_areas_geographic_items: {geographic_area_id: geographic_area_ids})
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not the wtk intersects with the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  def crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      ['SELECT ST_Intersects(ST_GeogFromText(?), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', wkt, ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    ).first.r
  end

  # @param [Integer] ids
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not any GeographicItem passed intersects the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  #   This is our first line of defense against queries that define multiple shapes, one or
  #   more of which crosses the anti-meridian.  In this case the current TW strategy within the
  #   UI is to abandon the search, and prompt the user to refactor the query.
  def crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(*ids)
    q1 = ["SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (#{GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids)}) as " \
          'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (?) as ' \
                                                        'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids), ANTI_MERIDIAN])
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(q1).first.r
  end

  #
  # SQL fragments
  #

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the *geometry* for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)
    "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the geography for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = ?",
      geographic_item_id])
  end

  # @param [Symbol] choice
  # @return [String]
  #   a fragment returning either latitude or longitude columns
  def lat_long_sql(choice)
    return nil unless [:latitude, :longitude].include?(choice)
    f = "'D.DDDDDD'" # TODO: probably a constant somewhere
    v = (choice == :latitude ? 1 : 2)
    "CASE geographic_items.type
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
  "(geometry_collection::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(line_string::geometry), " \
  "#{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_line_string::geometry), #{f} ), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
END as #{choice}"
  end

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Integer] distance
  # @return [String]
  def within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance})"
  end


  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Number] distance in meters to grow/shrink the shape (negative allowed)
  # @param [Number] distance (in meters) (positive only?!)
  # @return [String]
  def st_buffer_st_within(geographic_item_id, distance, buffer = 0)
    "ST_DWithin(
    ST_Buffer(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, #{buffer}),
    (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance}
   )"
  end


  # TODO: 3D is overkill here
  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is intersecting
  def intersecting_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), ST_Transform( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', " \
      "4326), 4326), #{distance})"
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is fully covering
  def within_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_Covers( ST_Buffer(ST_SetSRID( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}'), 4326)::geography, #{distance}), (#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains() function, returns
  #   all geographic items which are contained in the item supplied
  def containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains(#{target_column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains(), returns
  #   all geographic_items which contain the supplied geographic_item
  def reverse_containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains((#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}), #{target_column_name}::geometry)"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment that represents the geometry of the geographic item specified (which has data in the
  # source_column_name, i.e. geo_object_type)
  def geometry_sql(geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil?
    "select geom_alias_tbl.#{source_column_name}::geometry from geographic_items geom_alias_tbl " \
      "where geom_alias_tbl.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String] of SQL
  def is_contained_by_sql(column_name, geographic_item)
    geo_id = geographic_item.id
    geo_type = geographic_item.geo_object_type
    template = '(ST_Contains((select geographic_items.%s::geometry from geographic_items where ' \
      'geographic_items.id = %d), %s::geometry))'
    retval = []
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
        end
      }
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
          end
        end
      }
    else
      retval = template % [geo_type, geo_id, column_name]
    end
    retval = retval.join(' OR ') if retval.instance_of?(Array)
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   a select query that returns a single geometry (column name 'single_geometry' for the collection of ids
  # provided via ST_Collect)
  def st_collect_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten!
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT ST_Collect(f.the_geom) AS single_geometry
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom as the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id in (?))
  AS f", geographic_item_ids])
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #    returns one or more geographic items combined as a single geometry in column 'single'
  def single_geometry_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    a = GeographicItem.st_collect_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    '(SELECT single.single_geometry FROM (' + a + ' ) AS single)'
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   returns a single geometry "column" (paren wrapped) as "single" for multiple geographic item ids, or the
  # geometry as 'geometry' for a single id
  def geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # *ALWAYS* reduce the pile to a single level of ids
    if geographic_item_ids.count == 1
      "(#{GeographicItem.geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_ids.first)})"
    else
      GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    end
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql_geog(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geography
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] ids
  # @return [Array]
  #   If we detect that some query id has crossed the meridian, then loop through
  #   and "manually" build up a list of results.
  #   Should only be used if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id? is true.
  #   Note that this does not return a Scope, so you can't chain it like contained_by?
  # TODO: test this
  def contained_by_with_antimeridian_check(*ids)
    ids.flatten! # make sure there is only one level of splat (*)
    results = []

    crossing_ids = []

    ids.each do |id|
      # push each which crosses
      crossing_ids.push(id) if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(id)
    end

    non_crossing_ids = ids - crossing_ids
    results.push GeographicItem.contained_by(non_crossing_ids).to_a if non_crossing_ids.any?

    crossing_ids.each do |id|
      # [61666, 61661, 61659, 61654, 61639]
      q1 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_AsText((SELECT polygon FROM geographic_items ' \
                                                         'WHERE id = ?))', id])
      r = GeographicItem.where(
        # GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(GeographicItem.find(id).geo_object.to_s)
        GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(
          ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(q1).first['st_astext'])
      ).to_a
      results.push(r)
    end

    results.flatten.uniq
  end

  # @params [String] well known text
  # @return [String] the SQL fragment for the specific geometry type, shifted by longitude
  # Note: this routine is called when it is already known that the A argument crosses anti-meridian
  def contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    "ST_Contains(ST_ShiftLongitude(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326)), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(point::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_point::geometry)
    END
    )
  )"
  end

  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # @params [String] wkt
  # @return [String] SQL fragment limiting geographics items to those in this WKT
  def contained_by_wkt_sql(wkt)
    if crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
      retval = contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    else
      retval = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END
    )
  )"
    end
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] sql for contained_by via ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: Can not use GEOMETRY_SQL because geometry_collection is not supported in ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: !! If the target GeographicItem#id crosses the anti-meridian then you may/will get unexpected results.
  def contained_by_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_Contains(
    #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
    CASE geographic_items.type
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END)"
  end

  # @param [RGeo:Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [String] sql for containing via ST_CoveredBy
  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # TODO: should this be wkt_point instead of rgeo_point?
  def containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
  ST_GeomFromText('#{rgeo_point}', 4326),
  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}
 )"
  end

  # @param [Interger] geographic_item_id
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_id)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id = ' \
      "#{geographic_item_id} LIMIT 1"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_collection_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id IN ' \
      "( #{geographic_item_ids.join(',')} )"
  end

  #
  # Scopes
  #

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing these collective geographic_item ids, not including self
  def containing(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_sql(geographic_item_ids)).not_ids(*geographic_item_ids)
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items contained by any of these geographic_item ids, not including self
  # (works via ST_ContainsProperly)
  def contained_by(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.contained_by_where_sql(geographic_item_ids))
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing this point
  # TODO: should be containing_wkt ?
  def containing_point(rgeo_point)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point))
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   adds an area_in_meters field, with meters
  def with_area
    select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, false) as area_in_meters")
  end

  # return [Scope]
  #   A scope that limits the result to those GeographicItems that have a collecting event
  #   through either the geographic_item or the error_geographic_item
  #
  # A raw SQL join approach for comparison
  #
  # GeographicItem.joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g1 ON geographic_items.id = g1.geographic_item_id').
  #   joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g2 ON geographic_items.id = g2.error_geographic_item_id').
  #   where("(g1.geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL OR g2.error_geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL)").uniq

  # @return [Scope] GeographicItem
  # This uses an Arel table approach, this is ultimately more decomposable if we need. Of use:
  #  http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel  <- best
  #  https://github.com/rails/arel
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4500629/use-arel-for-a-nested-set-join-query-and-convert-to-activerecordrelation
  #  http://rdoc.info/github/rails/arel/Arel/SelectManager
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7976358/activerecord-arel-or-condition
  #
  def with_collecting_event_through_georeferences
    geographic_items = GeographicItem.arel_table
    georeferences = Georeference.arel_table
    g1 = georeferences.alias('a')
    g2 = georeferences.alias('b')

    c = geographic_items.join(g1, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g1[:geographic_item_id]))
      .join(g2, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g2[:error_geographic_item_id]))

    GeographicItem.joins(# turn the Arel back into scope
                         c.join_sources # translate the Arel join to a join hash(?)
                        ).where(
                          g1[:id].not_eq(nil).or(g2[:id].not_eq(nil)) # returns a Arel::Nodes::Grouping
                        ).distinct
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'latitude' column
  def with_latitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:latitude))
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'longitude' column
  def with_longitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:longitude))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItems]
  # @return [Scope]
  def intersecting(column_name, *geographic_items)
    if column_name.downcase == 'any'
      pieces = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        pieces.push(GeographicItem.intersecting(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
      }

      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct

      GeographicItem.where(id: pieces.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        "ST_Intersects(#{column_name}, '#{geographic_item.geo_object}'    )" # seems like we want this: http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel/#/15/2
      }.join(' or ')

      where(q)
    end
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem#id] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Float] distance in meters ?!?!
  # @return [ActiveRecord::Relation]
  # !! should be distance, not radius?!
  def within_radius_of_item(geographic_item_id, distance)
    where(within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_DISJOINT, specifies all geographic_items that have data in column_name
  #   that are disjoint from the passed geographic_items
  def disjoint_from(column_name, *geographic_items)
    q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
      "ST_DISJOINT(#{column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item.to_param,
                                                         geographic_item.geo_object_type)}))"
    }.join(' and ')

    where(q)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   see are_contained_in_item_by_id
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem, Array] geographic_items
  def are_contained_in_item(column_name, *geographic_items)
    are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, geographic_items.flatten.map(&:id))
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name to search
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item_ids or array of geographic_item_ids to be tested.
  # @return [Scope] of GeographicItems
  #
  # If this scope is given an Array of GeographicItems as a second parameter,
  # it will return the 'OR' of each of the objects against the table.
  # SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "geographic_items"
  #        WHERE (ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (0.0 0.0 0.0)'))
  #               OR ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (-9.8 5.0 0.0)')))
  #
  def are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, *geographic_item_ids) # = containing
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # in case there is a array of arrays, or multiple objects
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id(column.to_s, geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id("#{column}", geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_item_ids.flatten.collect { |geographic_item_id|
        # discover the item types, and convert type to database type for 'multi_'
        b = GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id)
          .pluck(:type)[0].split(':')[2].downcase.gsub('lti', 'lti_')
        # a = GeographicItem.find(geographic_item_id).geo_object_type
        GeographicItem.containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item_id, b)
      }.join(' or ')
      q = 'FALSE' if q.blank? # this will prevent the invocation of *ALL* of the GeographicItems, if there are
      # no GeographicItems in the request (see CollectingEvent.name_hash(types)).
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [String] geometry of WKT
  # @return [Scope]
  # a single WKT geometry is compared against column or columns (except geometry_collection) to find geographic_items
  # which are contained in the WKT
  def are_contained_in_wkt(column_name, geometry)
    column_name.downcase!
    # column_name = 'point'
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt(column.to_s, geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt("#{column}", geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    else
      # column = points, geometry = square
      q = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geometry}'), #{column_name}::geometry)"
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  #    containing the items the shape of which is contained in the geographic_item[s] supplied.
  # @param column_name [String] can be any of DATA_TYPES, or 'any' to check against all types, 'any_poly' to check
  # against 'polygon' or 'multi_polygon', or 'any_line' to check against 'line_string' or 'multi_line_string'.
  #  CANNOT be 'geometry_collection'.
  # @param geographic_items [GeographicItem] Can be a single GeographicItem, or an array of GeographicItem.
  # @return [Scope]
  def is_contained_by(column_name, *geographic_items)
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
          end
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        GeographicItem.reverse_containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item.to_param,
                                              geographic_item.geo_object_type)
      }.join(' or ')
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_shortest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item).order('distance')
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_longest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      q = select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
        .order('distance desc')
      q
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String]
  def select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
    select("*, ST_Distance(#{column_name}, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) as distance")
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
    where("#{column_name} is not null and ST_Distance(#{column_name}, " \
          "GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) > 0")
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def not_including(geographic_items)
    where.not(id: geographic_items)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   includes an 'is_valid' attribute (True/False) for the passed geographic_item.  Uses St_IsValid.
  # @param [RGeo object] geographic_item
  def with_is_valid_geometry_column(geographic_item)
    where(id: geographic_item.id).select("ST_IsValid(ST_AsBinary(#{geographic_item.geo_object_type})) is_valid")
  end

  #
  # Other
  #

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id1
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id2
  # @return [Float]
  def distance_between(geographic_item_id1, geographic_item_id2)
    q1 = "ST_Distance(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, " \
      "(#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)})) as distance"
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(
      :sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance(?, (?)) as distance',
                            GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL,
                            select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)])
    GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id1).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] point
  # @return [Hash]
  #   as per #inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy but for Rgeo point
  def point_inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy(point)
    GeographicItem.containing_point(point).order(cached_total_area: :ASC).limit(1).first&.inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  end

  # @param [String] type_name ('polygon', 'point', 'line' [, 'circle'])
  # @return [String] if type
  def eval_for_type(type_name)
    retval = 'GeographicItem'
    case type_name.upcase
    when 'POLYGON'
      retval += '::Polygon'
    when 'LINESTRING'
      retval += '::LineString'
    when 'POINT'
      retval += '::Point'
    when 'MULTIPOLYGON'
      retval += '::MultiPolygon'
    when 'MULTILINESTRING'
      retval += '::MultiLineString'
    when 'MULTIPOINT'
      retval += '::MultiPoint'
    else
      retval = nil
    end
    retval
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @return [RGeo::Geographic object]
  def geometry_for(geographic_item_id)
    GeographicItem.select(GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry').find(geographic_item_id)['geometry']
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer, Array] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  def st_multi(*geographic_item_ids)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      "SELECT ST_Multi(ST_Collect(g.the_geom)) AS singlegeom
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom AS the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id IN (?))
  AS g;", geographic_item_ids.flatten
    )
  end
end # class << self

# @return [Hash]
#    a geographic_name_classification or empty Hash
# This is a quick approach that works only when
# the geographic_item is linked explicitly to a GeographicArea.
#
# !! Note that it is not impossible for a GeographicItem to be linked
# to > 1 GeographicArea, in that case we are assuming that all are
# equally refined, this might not be the case in the future because
# of how the GeographicArea gazetteer is indexed.
def quick_geographic_name_hierarchy
  geographic_areas.order(:id).each do |ga|
    h = ga.geographic_name_classification # not quick enough !!
    return h if h.present?
  end
  return  {}
end

# @return [Hash]
#   a geographic_name_classification (see GeographicArea) inferred by
# finding the smallest area containing this GeographicItem, in the most accurate gazetteer
# and using it to return country/state/county. See also the logic in
# filling in missing levels in GeographicArea.
def inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  if small_area = containing_geographic_areas
    .joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items)
    .merge(GeographicAreasGeographicItem.ordered_by_data_origin)
    .ordered_by_area
    .limit(1)
    .first
  return small_area.geographic_name_classification
  else
    {}
  end
end

def geographic_name_hierarchy
  a = quick_geographic_name_hierarchy # quick; almost never the case, UI not setup to do this
  return a if a.present?
  inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy # slow
end

# @return [Scope]
#   the Geographic Areas that contain (gis) this geographic item
def containing_geographic_areas
  GeographicArea.joins(:geographic_items).includes(:geographic_area_type)
    .joins("JOIN (#{GeographicItem.containing(id).to_sql}) j on geographic_items.id = j.id")
end

# @return [Boolean]
#   whether stored shape is ST_IsValid
def valid_geometry?
  GeographicItem.with_is_valid_geometry_column(self).first['is_valid']
end

# @return [Array of latitude, longitude]
#    the lat, lon of the first point in the GeoItem, see subclass for #st_start_point
def start_point
  o = st_start_point
  [o.y, o.x]
end

# @return [Array]
#   the lat, long, as STRINGs for the centroid of this geographic item
#   Meh- this: https://postgis.net/docs/en/ST_MinimumBoundingRadius.html
def center_coords
  r = GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
    "Select split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), " \
    "'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 1) latitude, split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
    "(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), 'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 2) " \
    "longitude from geographic_items where id = #{id};")[0]

  [r.latitude, r.longitude]
end

# @return [RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPointImpl]
#    representing the centroid of this geographic item
def centroid
  # Gis::FACTORY.point(*center_coords.reverse)
  return geo_object if type == 'GeographicItem::Point'
  return Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(self.st_centroid)
end

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (slower, more accurate)
def st_distance(geographic_item_id) # geo_object
  q1 = "ST_Distance((#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)}), " \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)})) as d"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance((?),(?)) as d',
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(self.id),
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)])
  deg = GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  deg * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST
end

# @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
# @return [Double] distance in meters
# Like st_distance but works with changed and non persisted objects
def st_distance_to_geographic_item(geographic_item)
  unless !persisted? || changed?
    a = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)})"
  else
    a = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geo_object}')"
  end

  unless !geographic_item.persisted? || geographic_item.changed?
    b = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item.id)})"
  else
    b = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geographic_item.geo_object}')"
  end

  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_value("SELECT ST_Distance(#{a}, #{b})")
end

alias_method :distance_to, :st_distance

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (faster, less accurate)
def st_distance_spheroid(geographic_item_id)
  q1 = "ST_DistanceSpheroid((#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id)})," \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)}),'#{Gis::SPHEROID}') as distance"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array,
                                ['ST_DistanceSpheroid((?),(?),?) as distance',
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id),
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id),
                                 Gis::SPHEROID])
  # TODO: what is _q2?
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
end

# @return [String]
#   a WKT POINT representing the centroid of the geographic item
def st_centroid
  GeographicItem.where(id: to_param).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_AsEWKT(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}))")).first.gsub(/SRID=\d*;/, '')
end

# @return [Integer]
#   the number of points in the geometry
def st_npoints
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_NPoints(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as npoints")).first
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   the geo type (i.e. column like :point, :multipolygon).  References the first-found object,
# according to the list of DATA_TYPES, or nil
def geo_object_type
  if self.class.name == 'GeographicItem' # a proxy check for new records
    geo_type
  else
    self.class::SHAPE_COLUMN
  end
end

# !!TODO: migrate these to use native column calls

# @return [RGeo instance, nil]
#  the Rgeo shape (See http://rubydoc.info/github/dazuma/rgeo/RGeo/Feature)
def geo_object
  begin
    if r = geo_object_type # rubocop:disable Lint/AssignmentInCondition
      send(r)
    else
      false
    end
  rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
    return nil # TODO: we need to render proper error for this!
  end
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def contains?(target_geo_object)
  return nil if target_geo_object.nil?
  self.geo_object.contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def within?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.within?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def intersects?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.intersects?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def near(target_geo_object, distance)
  self.geo_object.unsafe_buffer(distance).contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def far(target_geo_object, distance)
  !near(target_geo_object, distance)
end

# @return [GeoJSON hash]
#    via Rgeo apparently necessary for GeometryCollection
def rgeo_to_geo_json
  RGeo::GeoJSON.encode(geo_object).to_json
end

# @return [Hash]
#   in GeoJSON format
#   Computed via "raw" PostGIS (much faster). This
#   requires the geo_object_type and id.
#
def to_geo_json
  JSON.parse(
    GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
      "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
      "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a'])
end

# We don't need to serialize to/from JSON
def to_geo_json_string
  GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
    "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
    "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a']
end

# @return [Hash]
#   the shape as a GeoJSON Feature with some item metadata
def to_geo_json_feature
  @geometry ||= to_geo_json
  {'type' => 'Feature',
   'geometry' => geometry,
   'properties' => {
     'geographic_item' => {
       'id' => id}
   }
  }
end

# @param value [String] like:
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":"[[[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793],
#      [-67.11035013198853, 45.09937589848195],[-80.64550638198853, 25.01924647619111],[-117.55956888198853,
#      32.5591595028449],[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793]]]"},"properties":{}}'
#
#  '{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
# @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
def shape=(value)

  if value.present?

    begin
      geom = RGeo::GeoJSON.decode(value, json_parser: :json, geo_factory: Gis::FACTORY)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry => e
      errors.add(:base, "invalid geometry: #{e.to_s}")
      return
    end

    this_type = nil

    if geom.respond_to?(:geometry_type)
      this_type = geom.geometry_type.to_s
    elsif geom.respond_to?(:geometry)
      this_type = geom.geometry.geometry_type.to_s
    else
    end

    self.type = GeographicItem.eval_for_type(this_type) unless geom.nil?

    if type.blank?
      errors.add(:base, 'type is not set from shape')
      return
    end

    object = nil

    s = geom.respond_to?(:geometry) ? geom.geometry.to_s : geom.to_s

    begin
      object = Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(s)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
      errors.add(:self, 'Shape value is an Invalid Geometry')
    end

    write_attribute(this_type.underscore.to_sym, object)
    geom
  end
end

# @return [String]
def to_wkt
  #  10k  #<Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0dfd30fd0 @label="", @real=25.237487000005785, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=1.1704609999999995, @utime=5.507929999999988, @total=6.678390999999987>
  #  GeographicItem.select("ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) wkt").where(id: id).first.wkt

  # 10k <Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0e02f7540 @label="", @real=21.619827999995323, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=0.8850890000000007, @utime=3.2958549999999605, @total=4.180943999999961>
  if a =  ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} ) wkt from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first
    return a['wkt']
  else
    return nil
  end
end

# @return  [Float] in meters, calculated
# TODO: share with world
#    Geographic item 96862 (Cajamar in Brazil) is the only(?) record to fail using `false` (quicker) method of everything we tested
def area
  a = GeographicItem.where(id:).select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, true) as area_in_meters").first['area_in_meters']
  a = nil if a.nan?
  a
end

# @return [Float, false]
#    the value in square meters of the interesecting area of this and another GeographicItem
def intersecting_area(geographic_item_id)
  a = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('a')
  b = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('b')

  c = GeographicItem.connection.execute(
    "SELECT ST_Area(ST_Intersection(#{a}, #{b})) as intersecting_area
      FROM geographic_items a, geographic_items b
      WHERE a.id = #{id} AND b.id = #{geographic_item_id};"
  ).first
  c && c['intersecting_area'].to_f
end

# TODO: This is bad, while internal use of ONE_WEST_MEAN is consistent it is in-accurate given the vast differences of radius vs. lat/long position.
# When we strike the error-polygon from radius we should remove this
#
# Use case is returning the radius from a circle we calculated via buffer for error-polygon creation.
def radius
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_MinimumBoundingRadius( ST_Transform(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}, 4326 )  ) AS radius from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['radius'].split(',').last.chop.to_f
  r = (r * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST_MEAN).to_i
end


# Convention is to store in PostGIS in CCW
# @return Array [Boolean]
#   false - cw
#   true - ccw (preferred), except cee donuts
def orientations
  if multi_polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(" \
         SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(a.geom) as is_ccw
            FROM ( SELECT b.id, (ST_Dump(p_geom)).geom AS geom
               FROM (SELECT id, multi_polygon::geometry AS p_geom FROM geographic_items where id = #{id}) AS b \
          ) AS a;").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  elsif polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute("SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) as is_ccw \
            FROM geographic_items where  id = #{id};").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  else
    []
  end
end

# @return Boolean
#   looks at all orientations
#   if they follow the pattern [true, false, ... <all false>] then `true`, else `false`
# !! Does not confirm that shapes are nested !!
def is_basic_donut?
  a = orientations
  b = a.shift
  return false unless b
  a.uniq!
  a == [false]
end

def st_isvalid
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValid(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalid']
end

def st_isvalidreason
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValidReason(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalidreason']
end

# !! Unused. Doesn't check Geometry collection
def has_polygons?
  ['GeographicItem::MultiPolygon', 'GeographicItem::Polygon'].include?(self.type)
end

private

def align_winding
  if orientations.flatten.include?(false)
    case type
    when 'multi_polygon'
      ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set multi_polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(multi_polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    when 'polygon'
     ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    end     
  end
  true
end

# Crude debuging helper, write the shapes
# to a png
def self.debug_draw(geographic_item_ids = [])
  return false if geographic_item_ids.empty?

  sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
     ST_AsRaster(
        (SELECT ST_Union(multi_polygon::geometry) from geographic_items where id IN (" + geographic_item_ids.join(',') + ")), 1920, 1080
    )
   ) png;"

  # ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
  #     1920,
  #     1080)


  result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
  r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

  prefix = if geographic_item_ids.size > 10
             'multiple'
           else
             geographic_item_ids.join('_') + '_debug.draw.png'
           end

  n = prefix + '_debug.draw.png'

  # Open the file in binary write mode ("wb")
  File.open(n, 'wb') do |file|
    # Write the binary data to the file
    file.write(r)
  end
end

# def png

#   if ids = Otu.joins(:cached_map_items).first.cached_map_items.pluck(:geographic_item_id)

#     sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
#    ST_AsRaster(
#        ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
#            1024,
#            768)
#     ) png
#        from geographic_items where id IN (" + ids.join(',') + ');'

#     # hack, not the best way to unpack result
#     result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
#     r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

#     send_data r, filename: 'foo.png', type: 'imnage/png'

#   else
#     render json: {foo: false}
#   end
# end

def set_cached
  update_column(:cached_total_area, area)
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   returns the attribute (column name) containing data
#   nearly all methods should use #geo_object_type, not geo_type
def geo_type
  DATA_TYPES.each { |item|
    return item if send(item)
  }
  nil
end

# @return [Boolean, String] false if already set, or type to which it was set
def set_type_if_geography_present
  if type.blank?
    column = geo_type
    self.type = "GeographicItem::#{column.to_s.camelize}" if column
  end
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Array] of a point
#   Longitude |, Latitude -
def point_to_a(point)
  data = []
  data.push(point.x, point.y)
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Hash] of a point
def point_to_hash(point)
  {points: [point_to_a(point)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPoint] multi_point
# @return [Array] of points
def multi_point_to_a(multi_point)
  data = []
  multi_point.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of points
def multi_point_to_hash(_multi_point)
  # when we encounter a multi_point type, we only stick the points into the array, NOT it's identity as a group
  {points: multi_point_to_a(multi_point)}
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Array] of points in the line
def line_string_to_a(line_string)
  data = []
  line_string.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Hash] of points in the line
def line_string_to_hash(line_string)
  {lines: [line_string_to_a(line_string)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Array] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_a(polygon)
  # TODO: handle other parts of the polygon; i.e., the interior_rings (if they exist)
  data = []
  polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Hash] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_hash(polygon)
  {polygons: [polygon_to_a(polygon)]}
end

# @return [Array] of line_strings as arrays of points
# @param [RGeo::MultiLineString] multi_line_string
def multi_line_string_to_a(multi_line_string)
  data = []
  multi_line_string.each { |line_string|
    line_data = []
    line_string.points.each { |point|
      line_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(line_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of line_strings as hashes of points
def multi_line_string_to_hash(_multi_line_string)
  {lines: to_a}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPolygon] multi_polygon
# @return [Array] of arrays of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_a(multi_polygon)
  data = []
  multi_polygon.each { |polygon|
    polygon_data = []
    polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
      polygon_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(polygon_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of hashes of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_hash(_multi_polygon)
  {polygons: to_a}
end

# @return [Boolean] iff there is one and only one shape column set
def some_data_is_provided
  data = []

  DATA_TYPES.each do |item|
    data.push(item) if send(item).present?
  end

  case data.count
  when 0
    errors.add(:base, 'No shape provided or provided shape is invalid')
  when 1
    return true
  else
    data.each do |object|
      errors.add(object, 'More than one shape type provided')
    end
  end
  true
end
end

#polygonRGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPolygonImpl

CCW orientation is applied

Returns:

  • (RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPolygonImpl)


40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 40

class GeographicItem < ApplicationRecord
  include Housekeeping::Users
  include Housekeeping::Timestamps
  include Shared::HasPapertrail
  include Shared::IsData
  include Shared::SharedAcrossProjects

  # @return [Hash, nil]
  #   An internal variable for use in super calls, holds a Hash in GeoJSON format (temporarily)
  attr_accessor :geometry

  # @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
  # @params value [Hash in GeoJSON format] ?!
  # TODO: WHY! boolean not nil, or object
  # Used to build geographic items from a shape [ of what class ] !?
  attr_accessor :shape

  # @return [Boolean]
  #   When true cached values are not built
  attr_accessor :no_cached

  DATA_TYPES = [
:point,
:line_string,
:polygon,
:multi_point,
:multi_line_string,
:multi_polygon,
:geometry_collection
  ].freeze

  GEOMETRY_SQL = Arel::Nodes::Case.new(arel_table[:type])
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPolygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Point').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::LineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Polygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiLineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPoint').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::GeometryCollection').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:geometry_collection].as('geometry')]))
.freeze

  GEOGRAPHY_SQL = "CASE geographic_items.type
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN geometry_collection
END".freeze

# ANTI_MERIDIAN = '0X0102000020E61000000200000000000000008066400000000000405640000000000080664000000000004056C0'
ANTI_MERIDIAN = 'LINESTRING (180 89.0, 180 -89)'.freeze

has_many :cached_map_items, inverse_of: :geographic_item

has_many :geographic_areas_geographic_items, dependent: :destroy, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas_geographic_items
has_many :asserted_distributions, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :geographic_area_types, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :parent_geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas, source: :parent

has_many :georeferences, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item,
  class_name: 'Georeference', foreign_key: :error_geographic_item_id, inverse_of: :error_geographic_item
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeferences, through: :georeferences, source: :collecting_event
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeference_error_geographic_item,
  through: :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item, source: :collecting_event

# TODO: THIS IS NOT GOOD
before_validation :set_type_if_geography_present

validate :some_data_is_provided
validates :type, presence: true # not needed

scope :include_collecting_event, -> { includes(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :geo_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :err_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:georeferences_through_error_geographic_item) }

after_save :set_cached, unless: Proc.new {|n| n.no_cached || errors.any? }
after_save :align_winding

class << self

  def aliased_geographic_sql(name = 'a')
    "CASE #{name}.type \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN #{name}.multi_polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN #{name}.point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN #{name}.line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN #{name}.polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN #{name}.multi_line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN #{name}.multi_point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN #{name}.geometry_collection \
     END"
  end

  def st_union(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Union(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  def st_collect(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Collect(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  # @return [GeographicItem::ActiveRecord_Relation]
  # @params [Array] array of geographic area ids
  def default_by_geographic_area_ids(geographic_area_ids = [])
    GeographicItem.
      joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items).
      merge(::GeographicAreasGeographicItem.default_geographic_item_data).
      where(geographic_areas_geographic_items: {geographic_area_id: geographic_area_ids})
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not the wtk intersects with the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  def crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      ['SELECT ST_Intersects(ST_GeogFromText(?), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', wkt, ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    ).first.r
  end

  # @param [Integer] ids
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not any GeographicItem passed intersects the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  #   This is our first line of defense against queries that define multiple shapes, one or
  #   more of which crosses the anti-meridian.  In this case the current TW strategy within the
  #   UI is to abandon the search, and prompt the user to refactor the query.
  def crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(*ids)
    q1 = ["SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (#{GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids)}) as " \
          'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (?) as ' \
                                                        'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids), ANTI_MERIDIAN])
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(q1).first.r
  end

  #
  # SQL fragments
  #

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the *geometry* for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)
    "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the geography for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = ?",
      geographic_item_id])
  end

  # @param [Symbol] choice
  # @return [String]
  #   a fragment returning either latitude or longitude columns
  def lat_long_sql(choice)
    return nil unless [:latitude, :longitude].include?(choice)
    f = "'D.DDDDDD'" # TODO: probably a constant somewhere
    v = (choice == :latitude ? 1 : 2)
    "CASE geographic_items.type
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
  "(geometry_collection::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(line_string::geometry), " \
  "#{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_line_string::geometry), #{f} ), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
END as #{choice}"
  end

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Integer] distance
  # @return [String]
  def within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance})"
  end


  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Number] distance in meters to grow/shrink the shape (negative allowed)
  # @param [Number] distance (in meters) (positive only?!)
  # @return [String]
  def st_buffer_st_within(geographic_item_id, distance, buffer = 0)
    "ST_DWithin(
    ST_Buffer(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, #{buffer}),
    (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance}
   )"
  end


  # TODO: 3D is overkill here
  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is intersecting
  def intersecting_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), ST_Transform( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', " \
      "4326), 4326), #{distance})"
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is fully covering
  def within_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_Covers( ST_Buffer(ST_SetSRID( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}'), 4326)::geography, #{distance}), (#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains() function, returns
  #   all geographic items which are contained in the item supplied
  def containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains(#{target_column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains(), returns
  #   all geographic_items which contain the supplied geographic_item
  def reverse_containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains((#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}), #{target_column_name}::geometry)"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment that represents the geometry of the geographic item specified (which has data in the
  # source_column_name, i.e. geo_object_type)
  def geometry_sql(geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil?
    "select geom_alias_tbl.#{source_column_name}::geometry from geographic_items geom_alias_tbl " \
      "where geom_alias_tbl.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String] of SQL
  def is_contained_by_sql(column_name, geographic_item)
    geo_id = geographic_item.id
    geo_type = geographic_item.geo_object_type
    template = '(ST_Contains((select geographic_items.%s::geometry from geographic_items where ' \
      'geographic_items.id = %d), %s::geometry))'
    retval = []
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
        end
      }
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
          end
        end
      }
    else
      retval = template % [geo_type, geo_id, column_name]
    end
    retval = retval.join(' OR ') if retval.instance_of?(Array)
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   a select query that returns a single geometry (column name 'single_geometry' for the collection of ids
  # provided via ST_Collect)
  def st_collect_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten!
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT ST_Collect(f.the_geom) AS single_geometry
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom as the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id in (?))
  AS f", geographic_item_ids])
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #    returns one or more geographic items combined as a single geometry in column 'single'
  def single_geometry_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    a = GeographicItem.st_collect_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    '(SELECT single.single_geometry FROM (' + a + ' ) AS single)'
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   returns a single geometry "column" (paren wrapped) as "single" for multiple geographic item ids, or the
  # geometry as 'geometry' for a single id
  def geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # *ALWAYS* reduce the pile to a single level of ids
    if geographic_item_ids.count == 1
      "(#{GeographicItem.geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_ids.first)})"
    else
      GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    end
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql_geog(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geography
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] ids
  # @return [Array]
  #   If we detect that some query id has crossed the meridian, then loop through
  #   and "manually" build up a list of results.
  #   Should only be used if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id? is true.
  #   Note that this does not return a Scope, so you can't chain it like contained_by?
  # TODO: test this
  def contained_by_with_antimeridian_check(*ids)
    ids.flatten! # make sure there is only one level of splat (*)
    results = []

    crossing_ids = []

    ids.each do |id|
      # push each which crosses
      crossing_ids.push(id) if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(id)
    end

    non_crossing_ids = ids - crossing_ids
    results.push GeographicItem.contained_by(non_crossing_ids).to_a if non_crossing_ids.any?

    crossing_ids.each do |id|
      # [61666, 61661, 61659, 61654, 61639]
      q1 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_AsText((SELECT polygon FROM geographic_items ' \
                                                         'WHERE id = ?))', id])
      r = GeographicItem.where(
        # GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(GeographicItem.find(id).geo_object.to_s)
        GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(
          ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(q1).first['st_astext'])
      ).to_a
      results.push(r)
    end

    results.flatten.uniq
  end

  # @params [String] well known text
  # @return [String] the SQL fragment for the specific geometry type, shifted by longitude
  # Note: this routine is called when it is already known that the A argument crosses anti-meridian
  def contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    "ST_Contains(ST_ShiftLongitude(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326)), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(point::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_point::geometry)
    END
    )
  )"
  end

  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # @params [String] wkt
  # @return [String] SQL fragment limiting geographics items to those in this WKT
  def contained_by_wkt_sql(wkt)
    if crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
      retval = contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    else
      retval = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END
    )
  )"
    end
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] sql for contained_by via ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: Can not use GEOMETRY_SQL because geometry_collection is not supported in ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: !! If the target GeographicItem#id crosses the anti-meridian then you may/will get unexpected results.
  def contained_by_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_Contains(
    #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
    CASE geographic_items.type
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END)"
  end

  # @param [RGeo:Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [String] sql for containing via ST_CoveredBy
  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # TODO: should this be wkt_point instead of rgeo_point?
  def containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
  ST_GeomFromText('#{rgeo_point}', 4326),
  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}
 )"
  end

  # @param [Interger] geographic_item_id
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_id)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id = ' \
      "#{geographic_item_id} LIMIT 1"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_collection_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id IN ' \
      "( #{geographic_item_ids.join(',')} )"
  end

  #
  # Scopes
  #

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing these collective geographic_item ids, not including self
  def containing(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_sql(geographic_item_ids)).not_ids(*geographic_item_ids)
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items contained by any of these geographic_item ids, not including self
  # (works via ST_ContainsProperly)
  def contained_by(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.contained_by_where_sql(geographic_item_ids))
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing this point
  # TODO: should be containing_wkt ?
  def containing_point(rgeo_point)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point))
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   adds an area_in_meters field, with meters
  def with_area
    select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, false) as area_in_meters")
  end

  # return [Scope]
  #   A scope that limits the result to those GeographicItems that have a collecting event
  #   through either the geographic_item or the error_geographic_item
  #
  # A raw SQL join approach for comparison
  #
  # GeographicItem.joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g1 ON geographic_items.id = g1.geographic_item_id').
  #   joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g2 ON geographic_items.id = g2.error_geographic_item_id').
  #   where("(g1.geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL OR g2.error_geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL)").uniq

  # @return [Scope] GeographicItem
  # This uses an Arel table approach, this is ultimately more decomposable if we need. Of use:
  #  http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel  <- best
  #  https://github.com/rails/arel
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4500629/use-arel-for-a-nested-set-join-query-and-convert-to-activerecordrelation
  #  http://rdoc.info/github/rails/arel/Arel/SelectManager
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7976358/activerecord-arel-or-condition
  #
  def with_collecting_event_through_georeferences
    geographic_items = GeographicItem.arel_table
    georeferences = Georeference.arel_table
    g1 = georeferences.alias('a')
    g2 = georeferences.alias('b')

    c = geographic_items.join(g1, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g1[:geographic_item_id]))
      .join(g2, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g2[:error_geographic_item_id]))

    GeographicItem.joins(# turn the Arel back into scope
                         c.join_sources # translate the Arel join to a join hash(?)
                        ).where(
                          g1[:id].not_eq(nil).or(g2[:id].not_eq(nil)) # returns a Arel::Nodes::Grouping
                        ).distinct
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'latitude' column
  def with_latitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:latitude))
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'longitude' column
  def with_longitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:longitude))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItems]
  # @return [Scope]
  def intersecting(column_name, *geographic_items)
    if column_name.downcase == 'any'
      pieces = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        pieces.push(GeographicItem.intersecting(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
      }

      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct

      GeographicItem.where(id: pieces.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        "ST_Intersects(#{column_name}, '#{geographic_item.geo_object}'    )" # seems like we want this: http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel/#/15/2
      }.join(' or ')

      where(q)
    end
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem#id] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Float] distance in meters ?!?!
  # @return [ActiveRecord::Relation]
  # !! should be distance, not radius?!
  def within_radius_of_item(geographic_item_id, distance)
    where(within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_DISJOINT, specifies all geographic_items that have data in column_name
  #   that are disjoint from the passed geographic_items
  def disjoint_from(column_name, *geographic_items)
    q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
      "ST_DISJOINT(#{column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item.to_param,
                                                         geographic_item.geo_object_type)}))"
    }.join(' and ')

    where(q)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   see are_contained_in_item_by_id
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem, Array] geographic_items
  def are_contained_in_item(column_name, *geographic_items)
    are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, geographic_items.flatten.map(&:id))
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name to search
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item_ids or array of geographic_item_ids to be tested.
  # @return [Scope] of GeographicItems
  #
  # If this scope is given an Array of GeographicItems as a second parameter,
  # it will return the 'OR' of each of the objects against the table.
  # SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "geographic_items"
  #        WHERE (ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (0.0 0.0 0.0)'))
  #               OR ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (-9.8 5.0 0.0)')))
  #
  def are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, *geographic_item_ids) # = containing
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # in case there is a array of arrays, or multiple objects
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id(column.to_s, geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id("#{column}", geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_item_ids.flatten.collect { |geographic_item_id|
        # discover the item types, and convert type to database type for 'multi_'
        b = GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id)
          .pluck(:type)[0].split(':')[2].downcase.gsub('lti', 'lti_')
        # a = GeographicItem.find(geographic_item_id).geo_object_type
        GeographicItem.containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item_id, b)
      }.join(' or ')
      q = 'FALSE' if q.blank? # this will prevent the invocation of *ALL* of the GeographicItems, if there are
      # no GeographicItems in the request (see CollectingEvent.name_hash(types)).
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [String] geometry of WKT
  # @return [Scope]
  # a single WKT geometry is compared against column or columns (except geometry_collection) to find geographic_items
  # which are contained in the WKT
  def are_contained_in_wkt(column_name, geometry)
    column_name.downcase!
    # column_name = 'point'
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt(column.to_s, geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt("#{column}", geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    else
      # column = points, geometry = square
      q = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geometry}'), #{column_name}::geometry)"
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  #    containing the items the shape of which is contained in the geographic_item[s] supplied.
  # @param column_name [String] can be any of DATA_TYPES, or 'any' to check against all types, 'any_poly' to check
  # against 'polygon' or 'multi_polygon', or 'any_line' to check against 'line_string' or 'multi_line_string'.
  #  CANNOT be 'geometry_collection'.
  # @param geographic_items [GeographicItem] Can be a single GeographicItem, or an array of GeographicItem.
  # @return [Scope]
  def is_contained_by(column_name, *geographic_items)
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
          end
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        GeographicItem.reverse_containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item.to_param,
                                              geographic_item.geo_object_type)
      }.join(' or ')
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_shortest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item).order('distance')
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_longest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      q = select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
        .order('distance desc')
      q
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String]
  def select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
    select("*, ST_Distance(#{column_name}, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) as distance")
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
    where("#{column_name} is not null and ST_Distance(#{column_name}, " \
          "GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) > 0")
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def not_including(geographic_items)
    where.not(id: geographic_items)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   includes an 'is_valid' attribute (True/False) for the passed geographic_item.  Uses St_IsValid.
  # @param [RGeo object] geographic_item
  def with_is_valid_geometry_column(geographic_item)
    where(id: geographic_item.id).select("ST_IsValid(ST_AsBinary(#{geographic_item.geo_object_type})) is_valid")
  end

  #
  # Other
  #

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id1
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id2
  # @return [Float]
  def distance_between(geographic_item_id1, geographic_item_id2)
    q1 = "ST_Distance(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, " \
      "(#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)})) as distance"
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(
      :sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance(?, (?)) as distance',
                            GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL,
                            select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)])
    GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id1).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] point
  # @return [Hash]
  #   as per #inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy but for Rgeo point
  def point_inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy(point)
    GeographicItem.containing_point(point).order(cached_total_area: :ASC).limit(1).first&.inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  end

  # @param [String] type_name ('polygon', 'point', 'line' [, 'circle'])
  # @return [String] if type
  def eval_for_type(type_name)
    retval = 'GeographicItem'
    case type_name.upcase
    when 'POLYGON'
      retval += '::Polygon'
    when 'LINESTRING'
      retval += '::LineString'
    when 'POINT'
      retval += '::Point'
    when 'MULTIPOLYGON'
      retval += '::MultiPolygon'
    when 'MULTILINESTRING'
      retval += '::MultiLineString'
    when 'MULTIPOINT'
      retval += '::MultiPoint'
    else
      retval = nil
    end
    retval
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @return [RGeo::Geographic object]
  def geometry_for(geographic_item_id)
    GeographicItem.select(GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry').find(geographic_item_id)['geometry']
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer, Array] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  def st_multi(*geographic_item_ids)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      "SELECT ST_Multi(ST_Collect(g.the_geom)) AS singlegeom
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom AS the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id IN (?))
  AS g;", geographic_item_ids.flatten
    )
  end
end # class << self

# @return [Hash]
#    a geographic_name_classification or empty Hash
# This is a quick approach that works only when
# the geographic_item is linked explicitly to a GeographicArea.
#
# !! Note that it is not impossible for a GeographicItem to be linked
# to > 1 GeographicArea, in that case we are assuming that all are
# equally refined, this might not be the case in the future because
# of how the GeographicArea gazetteer is indexed.
def quick_geographic_name_hierarchy
  geographic_areas.order(:id).each do |ga|
    h = ga.geographic_name_classification # not quick enough !!
    return h if h.present?
  end
  return  {}
end

# @return [Hash]
#   a geographic_name_classification (see GeographicArea) inferred by
# finding the smallest area containing this GeographicItem, in the most accurate gazetteer
# and using it to return country/state/county. See also the logic in
# filling in missing levels in GeographicArea.
def inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  if small_area = containing_geographic_areas
    .joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items)
    .merge(GeographicAreasGeographicItem.ordered_by_data_origin)
    .ordered_by_area
    .limit(1)
    .first
  return small_area.geographic_name_classification
  else
    {}
  end
end

def geographic_name_hierarchy
  a = quick_geographic_name_hierarchy # quick; almost never the case, UI not setup to do this
  return a if a.present?
  inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy # slow
end

# @return [Scope]
#   the Geographic Areas that contain (gis) this geographic item
def containing_geographic_areas
  GeographicArea.joins(:geographic_items).includes(:geographic_area_type)
    .joins("JOIN (#{GeographicItem.containing(id).to_sql}) j on geographic_items.id = j.id")
end

# @return [Boolean]
#   whether stored shape is ST_IsValid
def valid_geometry?
  GeographicItem.with_is_valid_geometry_column(self).first['is_valid']
end

# @return [Array of latitude, longitude]
#    the lat, lon of the first point in the GeoItem, see subclass for #st_start_point
def start_point
  o = st_start_point
  [o.y, o.x]
end

# @return [Array]
#   the lat, long, as STRINGs for the centroid of this geographic item
#   Meh- this: https://postgis.net/docs/en/ST_MinimumBoundingRadius.html
def center_coords
  r = GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
    "Select split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), " \
    "'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 1) latitude, split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
    "(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), 'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 2) " \
    "longitude from geographic_items where id = #{id};")[0]

  [r.latitude, r.longitude]
end

# @return [RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPointImpl]
#    representing the centroid of this geographic item
def centroid
  # Gis::FACTORY.point(*center_coords.reverse)
  return geo_object if type == 'GeographicItem::Point'
  return Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(self.st_centroid)
end

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (slower, more accurate)
def st_distance(geographic_item_id) # geo_object
  q1 = "ST_Distance((#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)}), " \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)})) as d"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance((?),(?)) as d',
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(self.id),
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)])
  deg = GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  deg * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST
end

# @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
# @return [Double] distance in meters
# Like st_distance but works with changed and non persisted objects
def st_distance_to_geographic_item(geographic_item)
  unless !persisted? || changed?
    a = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)})"
  else
    a = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geo_object}')"
  end

  unless !geographic_item.persisted? || geographic_item.changed?
    b = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item.id)})"
  else
    b = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geographic_item.geo_object}')"
  end

  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_value("SELECT ST_Distance(#{a}, #{b})")
end

alias_method :distance_to, :st_distance

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (faster, less accurate)
def st_distance_spheroid(geographic_item_id)
  q1 = "ST_DistanceSpheroid((#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id)})," \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)}),'#{Gis::SPHEROID}') as distance"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array,
                                ['ST_DistanceSpheroid((?),(?),?) as distance',
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id),
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id),
                                 Gis::SPHEROID])
  # TODO: what is _q2?
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
end

# @return [String]
#   a WKT POINT representing the centroid of the geographic item
def st_centroid
  GeographicItem.where(id: to_param).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_AsEWKT(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}))")).first.gsub(/SRID=\d*;/, '')
end

# @return [Integer]
#   the number of points in the geometry
def st_npoints
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_NPoints(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as npoints")).first
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   the geo type (i.e. column like :point, :multipolygon).  References the first-found object,
# according to the list of DATA_TYPES, or nil
def geo_object_type
  if self.class.name == 'GeographicItem' # a proxy check for new records
    geo_type
  else
    self.class::SHAPE_COLUMN
  end
end

# !!TODO: migrate these to use native column calls

# @return [RGeo instance, nil]
#  the Rgeo shape (See http://rubydoc.info/github/dazuma/rgeo/RGeo/Feature)
def geo_object
  begin
    if r = geo_object_type # rubocop:disable Lint/AssignmentInCondition
      send(r)
    else
      false
    end
  rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
    return nil # TODO: we need to render proper error for this!
  end
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def contains?(target_geo_object)
  return nil if target_geo_object.nil?
  self.geo_object.contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def within?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.within?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def intersects?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.intersects?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def near(target_geo_object, distance)
  self.geo_object.unsafe_buffer(distance).contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def far(target_geo_object, distance)
  !near(target_geo_object, distance)
end

# @return [GeoJSON hash]
#    via Rgeo apparently necessary for GeometryCollection
def rgeo_to_geo_json
  RGeo::GeoJSON.encode(geo_object).to_json
end

# @return [Hash]
#   in GeoJSON format
#   Computed via "raw" PostGIS (much faster). This
#   requires the geo_object_type and id.
#
def to_geo_json
  JSON.parse(
    GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
      "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
      "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a'])
end

# We don't need to serialize to/from JSON
def to_geo_json_string
  GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
    "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
    "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a']
end

# @return [Hash]
#   the shape as a GeoJSON Feature with some item metadata
def to_geo_json_feature
  @geometry ||= to_geo_json
  {'type' => 'Feature',
   'geometry' => geometry,
   'properties' => {
     'geographic_item' => {
       'id' => id}
   }
  }
end

# @param value [String] like:
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":"[[[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793],
#      [-67.11035013198853, 45.09937589848195],[-80.64550638198853, 25.01924647619111],[-117.55956888198853,
#      32.5591595028449],[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793]]]"},"properties":{}}'
#
#  '{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
# @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
def shape=(value)

  if value.present?

    begin
      geom = RGeo::GeoJSON.decode(value, json_parser: :json, geo_factory: Gis::FACTORY)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry => e
      errors.add(:base, "invalid geometry: #{e.to_s}")
      return
    end

    this_type = nil

    if geom.respond_to?(:geometry_type)
      this_type = geom.geometry_type.to_s
    elsif geom.respond_to?(:geometry)
      this_type = geom.geometry.geometry_type.to_s
    else
    end

    self.type = GeographicItem.eval_for_type(this_type) unless geom.nil?

    if type.blank?
      errors.add(:base, 'type is not set from shape')
      return
    end

    object = nil

    s = geom.respond_to?(:geometry) ? geom.geometry.to_s : geom.to_s

    begin
      object = Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(s)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
      errors.add(:self, 'Shape value is an Invalid Geometry')
    end

    write_attribute(this_type.underscore.to_sym, object)
    geom
  end
end

# @return [String]
def to_wkt
  #  10k  #<Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0dfd30fd0 @label="", @real=25.237487000005785, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=1.1704609999999995, @utime=5.507929999999988, @total=6.678390999999987>
  #  GeographicItem.select("ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) wkt").where(id: id).first.wkt

  # 10k <Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0e02f7540 @label="", @real=21.619827999995323, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=0.8850890000000007, @utime=3.2958549999999605, @total=4.180943999999961>
  if a =  ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} ) wkt from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first
    return a['wkt']
  else
    return nil
  end
end

# @return  [Float] in meters, calculated
# TODO: share with world
#    Geographic item 96862 (Cajamar in Brazil) is the only(?) record to fail using `false` (quicker) method of everything we tested
def area
  a = GeographicItem.where(id:).select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, true) as area_in_meters").first['area_in_meters']
  a = nil if a.nan?
  a
end

# @return [Float, false]
#    the value in square meters of the interesecting area of this and another GeographicItem
def intersecting_area(geographic_item_id)
  a = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('a')
  b = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('b')

  c = GeographicItem.connection.execute(
    "SELECT ST_Area(ST_Intersection(#{a}, #{b})) as intersecting_area
      FROM geographic_items a, geographic_items b
      WHERE a.id = #{id} AND b.id = #{geographic_item_id};"
  ).first
  c && c['intersecting_area'].to_f
end

# TODO: This is bad, while internal use of ONE_WEST_MEAN is consistent it is in-accurate given the vast differences of radius vs. lat/long position.
# When we strike the error-polygon from radius we should remove this
#
# Use case is returning the radius from a circle we calculated via buffer for error-polygon creation.
def radius
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_MinimumBoundingRadius( ST_Transform(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}, 4326 )  ) AS radius from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['radius'].split(',').last.chop.to_f
  r = (r * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST_MEAN).to_i
end


# Convention is to store in PostGIS in CCW
# @return Array [Boolean]
#   false - cw
#   true - ccw (preferred), except cee donuts
def orientations
  if multi_polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(" \
         SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(a.geom) as is_ccw
            FROM ( SELECT b.id, (ST_Dump(p_geom)).geom AS geom
               FROM (SELECT id, multi_polygon::geometry AS p_geom FROM geographic_items where id = #{id}) AS b \
          ) AS a;").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  elsif polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute("SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) as is_ccw \
            FROM geographic_items where  id = #{id};").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  else
    []
  end
end

# @return Boolean
#   looks at all orientations
#   if they follow the pattern [true, false, ... <all false>] then `true`, else `false`
# !! Does not confirm that shapes are nested !!
def is_basic_donut?
  a = orientations
  b = a.shift
  return false unless b
  a.uniq!
  a == [false]
end

def st_isvalid
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValid(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalid']
end

def st_isvalidreason
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValidReason(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalidreason']
end

# !! Unused. Doesn't check Geometry collection
def has_polygons?
  ['GeographicItem::MultiPolygon', 'GeographicItem::Polygon'].include?(self.type)
end

private

def align_winding
  if orientations.flatten.include?(false)
    case type
    when 'multi_polygon'
      ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set multi_polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(multi_polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    when 'polygon'
     ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    end     
  end
  true
end

# Crude debuging helper, write the shapes
# to a png
def self.debug_draw(geographic_item_ids = [])
  return false if geographic_item_ids.empty?

  sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
     ST_AsRaster(
        (SELECT ST_Union(multi_polygon::geometry) from geographic_items where id IN (" + geographic_item_ids.join(',') + ")), 1920, 1080
    )
   ) png;"

  # ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
  #     1920,
  #     1080)


  result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
  r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

  prefix = if geographic_item_ids.size > 10
             'multiple'
           else
             geographic_item_ids.join('_') + '_debug.draw.png'
           end

  n = prefix + '_debug.draw.png'

  # Open the file in binary write mode ("wb")
  File.open(n, 'wb') do |file|
    # Write the binary data to the file
    file.write(r)
  end
end

# def png

#   if ids = Otu.joins(:cached_map_items).first.cached_map_items.pluck(:geographic_item_id)

#     sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
#    ST_AsRaster(
#        ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
#            1024,
#            768)
#     ) png
#        from geographic_items where id IN (" + ids.join(',') + ');'

#     # hack, not the best way to unpack result
#     result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
#     r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

#     send_data r, filename: 'foo.png', type: 'imnage/png'

#   else
#     render json: {foo: false}
#   end
# end

def set_cached
  update_column(:cached_total_area, area)
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   returns the attribute (column name) containing data
#   nearly all methods should use #geo_object_type, not geo_type
def geo_type
  DATA_TYPES.each { |item|
    return item if send(item)
  }
  nil
end

# @return [Boolean, String] false if already set, or type to which it was set
def set_type_if_geography_present
  if type.blank?
    column = geo_type
    self.type = "GeographicItem::#{column.to_s.camelize}" if column
  end
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Array] of a point
#   Longitude |, Latitude -
def point_to_a(point)
  data = []
  data.push(point.x, point.y)
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Hash] of a point
def point_to_hash(point)
  {points: [point_to_a(point)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPoint] multi_point
# @return [Array] of points
def multi_point_to_a(multi_point)
  data = []
  multi_point.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of points
def multi_point_to_hash(_multi_point)
  # when we encounter a multi_point type, we only stick the points into the array, NOT it's identity as a group
  {points: multi_point_to_a(multi_point)}
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Array] of points in the line
def line_string_to_a(line_string)
  data = []
  line_string.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Hash] of points in the line
def line_string_to_hash(line_string)
  {lines: [line_string_to_a(line_string)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Array] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_a(polygon)
  # TODO: handle other parts of the polygon; i.e., the interior_rings (if they exist)
  data = []
  polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Hash] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_hash(polygon)
  {polygons: [polygon_to_a(polygon)]}
end

# @return [Array] of line_strings as arrays of points
# @param [RGeo::MultiLineString] multi_line_string
def multi_line_string_to_a(multi_line_string)
  data = []
  multi_line_string.each { |line_string|
    line_data = []
    line_string.points.each { |point|
      line_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(line_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of line_strings as hashes of points
def multi_line_string_to_hash(_multi_line_string)
  {lines: to_a}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPolygon] multi_polygon
# @return [Array] of arrays of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_a(multi_polygon)
  data = []
  multi_polygon.each { |polygon|
    polygon_data = []
    polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
      polygon_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(polygon_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of hashes of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_hash(_multi_polygon)
  {polygons: to_a}
end

# @return [Boolean] iff there is one and only one shape column set
def some_data_is_provided
  data = []

  DATA_TYPES.each do |item|
    data.push(item) if send(item).present?
  end

  case data.count
  when 0
    errors.add(:base, 'No shape provided or provided shape is invalid')
  when 1
    return true
  else
    data.each do |object|
      errors.add(object, 'More than one shape type provided')
    end
  end
  true
end
end

#shapeBoolean, RGeo object

TODO: WHY! boolean not nil, or object Used to build geographic items from a shape [ of what class ] !?

Returns:

  • (Boolean, RGeo object)


55
56
57
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 55

def shape
  @shape
end

#typeString

Returns Rails STI, determines the geography column as well.

Returns:

  • (String)

    Rails STI, determines the geography column as well



40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 40

class GeographicItem < ApplicationRecord
  include Housekeeping::Users
  include Housekeeping::Timestamps
  include Shared::HasPapertrail
  include Shared::IsData
  include Shared::SharedAcrossProjects

  # @return [Hash, nil]
  #   An internal variable for use in super calls, holds a Hash in GeoJSON format (temporarily)
  attr_accessor :geometry

  # @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
  # @params value [Hash in GeoJSON format] ?!
  # TODO: WHY! boolean not nil, or object
  # Used to build geographic items from a shape [ of what class ] !?
  attr_accessor :shape

  # @return [Boolean]
  #   When true cached values are not built
  attr_accessor :no_cached

  DATA_TYPES = [
:point,
:line_string,
:polygon,
:multi_point,
:multi_line_string,
:multi_polygon,
:geometry_collection
  ].freeze

  GEOMETRY_SQL = Arel::Nodes::Case.new(arel_table[:type])
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPolygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Point').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::LineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::Polygon').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:polygon].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiLineString').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_line_string].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::MultiPoint').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:multi_point].as('geometry')]))
.when('GeographicItem::GeometryCollection').then(Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('CAST', [arel_table[:geometry_collection].as('geometry')]))
.freeze

  GEOGRAPHY_SQL = "CASE geographic_items.type
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point
WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN geometry_collection
END".freeze

# ANTI_MERIDIAN = '0X0102000020E61000000200000000000000008066400000000000405640000000000080664000000000004056C0'
ANTI_MERIDIAN = 'LINESTRING (180 89.0, 180 -89)'.freeze

has_many :cached_map_items, inverse_of: :geographic_item

has_many :geographic_areas_geographic_items, dependent: :destroy, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas_geographic_items
has_many :asserted_distributions, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :geographic_area_types, through: :geographic_areas
has_many :parent_geographic_areas, through: :geographic_areas, source: :parent

has_many :georeferences, inverse_of: :geographic_item
has_many :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item,
  class_name: 'Georeference', foreign_key: :error_geographic_item_id, inverse_of: :error_geographic_item
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeferences, through: :georeferences, source: :collecting_event
has_many :collecting_events_through_georeference_error_geographic_item,
  through: :georeferences_through_error_geographic_item, source: :collecting_event

# TODO: THIS IS NOT GOOD
before_validation :set_type_if_geography_present

validate :some_data_is_provided
validates :type, presence: true # not needed

scope :include_collecting_event, -> { includes(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :geo_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:collecting_events_through_georeferences) }
scope :err_with_collecting_event, -> { joins(:georeferences_through_error_geographic_item) }

after_save :set_cached, unless: Proc.new {|n| n.no_cached || errors.any? }
after_save :align_winding

class << self

  def aliased_geographic_sql(name = 'a')
    "CASE #{name}.type \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN #{name}.multi_polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN #{name}.point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN #{name}.line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN #{name}.polygon \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN #{name}.multi_line_string \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN #{name}.multi_point \
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN #{name}.geometry_collection \
     END"
  end

  def st_union(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Union(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  def st_collect(geographic_item_scope)
    GeographicItem.select("ST_Collect(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
      .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
  end

  # @return [GeographicItem::ActiveRecord_Relation]
  # @params [Array] array of geographic area ids
  def default_by_geographic_area_ids(geographic_area_ids = [])
    GeographicItem.
      joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items).
      merge(::GeographicAreasGeographicItem.default_geographic_item_data).
      where(geographic_areas_geographic_items: {geographic_area_id: geographic_area_ids})
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not the wtk intersects with the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  def crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      ['SELECT ST_Intersects(ST_GeogFromText(?), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', wkt, ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    ).first.r
  end

  # @param [Integer] ids
  # @return [Boolean]
  #   whether or not any GeographicItem passed intersects the anti-meridian
  #   !! StrongParams security considerations
  #   This is our first line of defense against queries that define multiple shapes, one or
  #   more of which crosses the anti-meridian.  In this case the current TW strategy within the
  #   UI is to abandon the search, and prompt the user to refactor the query.
  def crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(*ids)
    q1 = ["SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (#{GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids)}) as " \
          'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', ANTI_MERIDIAN]
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (?) as ' \
                                                        'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids), ANTI_MERIDIAN])
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(q1).first.r
  end

  #
  # SQL fragments
  #

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the *geometry* for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)
    "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL select statement that returns the geography for the geographic_item with the specified id
  def select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = ?",
      geographic_item_id])
  end

  # @param [Symbol] choice
  # @return [String]
  #   a fragment returning either latitude or longitude columns
  def lat_long_sql(choice)
    return nil unless [:latitude, :longitude].include?(choice)
    f = "'D.DDDDDD'" # TODO: probably a constant somewhere
    v = (choice == :latitude ? 1 : 2)
    "CASE geographic_items.type
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
  "(geometry_collection::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(line_string::geometry), " \
  "#{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_line_string::geometry), #{f} ), ' ', #{v})
  WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
  "ST_Centroid(multi_point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
END as #{choice}"
  end

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Integer] distance
  # @return [String]
  def within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance})"
  end


  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Number] distance in meters to grow/shrink the shape (negative allowed)
  # @param [Number] distance (in meters) (positive only?!)
  # @return [String]
  def st_buffer_st_within(geographic_item_id, distance, buffer = 0)
    "ST_DWithin(
    ST_Buffer(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, #{buffer}),
    (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance}
   )"
  end


  # TODO: 3D is overkill here
  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is intersecting
  def intersecting_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), ST_Transform( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', " \
      "4326), 4326), #{distance})"
  end

  # @param [String] wkt
  # @param [Integer] distance (meters)
  # @return [String]
  # !! This is fully covering
  def within_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
    "ST_Covers( ST_Buffer(ST_SetSRID( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}'), 4326)::geography, #{distance}), (#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains() function, returns
  #   all geographic items which are contained in the item supplied
  def containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains(#{target_column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}))"
  end

  # @param [String, Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_Contains(), returns
  #   all geographic_items which contain the supplied geographic_item
  def reverse_containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
    "ST_Contains((#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}), #{target_column_name}::geometry)"
  end

  # @param [Integer, String]
  # @return [String]
  #   a SQL fragment that represents the geometry of the geographic item specified (which has data in the
  # source_column_name, i.e. geo_object_type)
  def geometry_sql(geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
    return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil?
    "select geom_alias_tbl.#{source_column_name}::geometry from geographic_items geom_alias_tbl " \
      "where geom_alias_tbl.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String] of SQL
  def is_contained_by_sql(column_name, geographic_item)
    geo_id = geographic_item.id
    geo_type = geographic_item.geo_object_type
    template = '(ST_Contains((select geographic_items.%s::geometry from geographic_items where ' \
      'geographic_items.id = %d), %s::geometry))'
    retval = []
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
        end
      }
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
          end
        end
      }
    else
      retval = template % [geo_type, geo_id, column_name]
    end
    retval = retval.join(' OR ') if retval.instance_of?(Array)
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   a select query that returns a single geometry (column name 'single_geometry' for the collection of ids
  # provided via ST_Collect)
  def st_collect_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten!
    ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
      "SELECT ST_Collect(f.the_geom) AS single_geometry
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom as the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id in (?))
  AS f", geographic_item_ids])
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #    returns one or more geographic items combined as a single geometry in column 'single'
  def single_geometry_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    a = GeographicItem.st_collect_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    '(SELECT single.single_geometry FROM (' + a + ' ) AS single)'
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  #   returns a single geometry "column" (paren wrapped) as "single" for multiple geographic item ids, or the
  # geometry as 'geometry' for a single id
  def geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # *ALWAYS* reduce the pile to a single level of ids
    if geographic_item_ids.count == 1
      "(#{GeographicItem.geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_ids.first)})"
    else
      GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(geographic_item_ids)
    end
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String]
  def containing_where_sql_geog(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
      #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
       CASE geographic_items.type
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geography
         WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geography
      END)"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] ids
  # @return [Array]
  #   If we detect that some query id has crossed the meridian, then loop through
  #   and "manually" build up a list of results.
  #   Should only be used if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id? is true.
  #   Note that this does not return a Scope, so you can't chain it like contained_by?
  # TODO: test this
  def contained_by_with_antimeridian_check(*ids)
    ids.flatten! # make sure there is only one level of splat (*)
    results = []

    crossing_ids = []

    ids.each do |id|
      # push each which crosses
      crossing_ids.push(id) if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(id)
    end

    non_crossing_ids = ids - crossing_ids
    results.push GeographicItem.contained_by(non_crossing_ids).to_a if non_crossing_ids.any?

    crossing_ids.each do |id|
      # [61666, 61661, 61659, 61654, 61639]
      q1 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_AsText((SELECT polygon FROM geographic_items ' \
                                                         'WHERE id = ?))', id])
      r = GeographicItem.where(
        # GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(GeographicItem.find(id).geo_object.to_s)
        GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(
          ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(q1).first['st_astext'])
      ).to_a
      results.push(r)
    end

    results.flatten.uniq
  end

  # @params [String] well known text
  # @return [String] the SQL fragment for the specific geometry type, shifted by longitude
  # Note: this routine is called when it is already known that the A argument crosses anti-meridian
  def contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    "ST_Contains(ST_ShiftLongitude(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326)), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(point::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(polygon::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_line_string::geometry)
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_point::geometry)
    END
    )
  )"
  end

  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # @params [String] wkt
  # @return [String] SQL fragment limiting geographics items to those in this WKT
  def contained_by_wkt_sql(wkt)
    if crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
      retval = contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
    else
      retval = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326), (
    CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END
    )
  )"
    end
    retval
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] sql for contained_by via ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: Can not use GEOMETRY_SQL because geometry_collection is not supported in ST_ContainsProperly
  # Note: !! If the target GeographicItem#id crosses the anti-meridian then you may/will get unexpected results.
  def contained_by_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    "ST_Contains(
    #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
    CASE geographic_items.type
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
      WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END)"
  end

  # @param [RGeo:Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [String] sql for containing via ST_CoveredBy
  # TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference
  # TODO: should this be wkt_point instead of rgeo_point?
  def containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point)
    "ST_CoveredBy(
  ST_GeomFromText('#{rgeo_point}', 4326),
  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}
 )"
  end

  # @param [Interger] geographic_item_id
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_id)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id = ' \
      "#{geographic_item_id} LIMIT 1"
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [String] SQL for geometries
  # example, not used
  def geometry_for_collection_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
    'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id IN ' \
      "( #{geographic_item_ids.join(',')} )"
  end

  #
  # Scopes
  #

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing these collective geographic_item ids, not including self
  def containing(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_sql(geographic_item_ids)).not_ids(*geographic_item_ids)
  end

  # @param [Interger, Array of Integer] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items contained by any of these geographic_item ids, not including self
  # (works via ST_ContainsProperly)
  def contained_by(*geographic_item_ids)
    where(GeographicItem.contained_by_where_sql(geographic_item_ids))
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] rgeo_point
  # @return [Scope]
  #    the geographic items containing this point
  # TODO: should be containing_wkt ?
  def containing_point(rgeo_point)
    where(GeographicItem.containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point))
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   adds an area_in_meters field, with meters
  def with_area
    select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, false) as area_in_meters")
  end

  # return [Scope]
  #   A scope that limits the result to those GeographicItems that have a collecting event
  #   through either the geographic_item or the error_geographic_item
  #
  # A raw SQL join approach for comparison
  #
  # GeographicItem.joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g1 ON geographic_items.id = g1.geographic_item_id').
  #   joins('LEFT JOIN georeferences g2 ON geographic_items.id = g2.error_geographic_item_id').
  #   where("(g1.geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL OR g2.error_geographic_item_id IS NOT NULL)").uniq

  # @return [Scope] GeographicItem
  # This uses an Arel table approach, this is ultimately more decomposable if we need. Of use:
  #  http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel  <- best
  #  https://github.com/rails/arel
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4500629/use-arel-for-a-nested-set-join-query-and-convert-to-activerecordrelation
  #  http://rdoc.info/github/rails/arel/Arel/SelectManager
  #  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7976358/activerecord-arel-or-condition
  #
  def with_collecting_event_through_georeferences
    geographic_items = GeographicItem.arel_table
    georeferences = Georeference.arel_table
    g1 = georeferences.alias('a')
    g2 = georeferences.alias('b')

    c = geographic_items.join(g1, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g1[:geographic_item_id]))
      .join(g2, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g2[:error_geographic_item_id]))

    GeographicItem.joins(# turn the Arel back into scope
                         c.join_sources # translate the Arel join to a join hash(?)
                        ).where(
                          g1[:id].not_eq(nil).or(g2[:id].not_eq(nil)) # returns a Arel::Nodes::Grouping
                        ).distinct
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'latitude' column
  def with_latitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:latitude))
  end

  # @return [Scope] include a 'longitude' column
  def with_longitude
    select(lat_long_sql(:longitude))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItems]
  # @return [Scope]
  def intersecting(column_name, *geographic_items)
    if column_name.downcase == 'any'
      pieces = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        pieces.push(GeographicItem.intersecting(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
      }

      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct

      GeographicItem.where(id: pieces.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        "ST_Intersects(#{column_name}, '#{geographic_item.geo_object}'    )" # seems like we want this: http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel/#/15/2
      }.join(' or ')

      where(q)
    end
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem#id] geographic_item_id
  # @param [Float] distance in meters ?!?!
  # @return [ActiveRecord::Relation]
  # !! should be distance, not radius?!
  def within_radius_of_item(geographic_item_id, distance)
    where(within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance))
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  #   a SQL fragment for ST_DISJOINT, specifies all geographic_items that have data in column_name
  #   that are disjoint from the passed geographic_items
  def disjoint_from(column_name, *geographic_items)
    q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
      "ST_DISJOINT(#{column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item.to_param,
                                                         geographic_item.geo_object_type)}))"
    }.join(' and ')

    where(q)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   see are_contained_in_item_by_id
  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem, Array] geographic_items
  def are_contained_in_item(column_name, *geographic_items)
    are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, geographic_items.flatten.map(&:id))
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  # @param [String] column_name to search
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item_ids or array of geographic_item_ids to be tested.
  # @return [Scope] of GeographicItems
  #
  # If this scope is given an Array of GeographicItems as a second parameter,
  # it will return the 'OR' of each of the objects against the table.
  # SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "geographic_items"
  #        WHERE (ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (0.0 0.0 0.0)'))
  #               OR ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (-9.8 5.0 0.0)')))
  #
  def are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, *geographic_item_ids) # = containing
    geographic_item_ids.flatten! # in case there is a array of arrays, or multiple objects
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id(column.to_s, geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id("#{column}", geographic_item_ids).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
    else
      q = geographic_item_ids.flatten.collect { |geographic_item_id|
        # discover the item types, and convert type to database type for 'multi_'
        b = GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id)
          .pluck(:type)[0].split(':')[2].downcase.gsub('lti', 'lti_')
        # a = GeographicItem.find(geographic_item_id).geo_object_type
        GeographicItem.containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item_id, b)
      }.join(' or ')
      q = 'FALSE' if q.blank? # this will prevent the invocation of *ALL* of the GeographicItems, if there are
      # no GeographicItems in the request (see CollectingEvent.name_hash(types)).
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [String] geometry of WKT
  # @return [Scope]
  # a single WKT geometry is compared against column or columns (except geometry_collection) to find geographic_items
  # which are contained in the WKT
  def are_contained_in_wkt(column_name, geometry)
    column_name.downcase!
    # column_name = 'point'
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt(column.to_s, geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt("#{column}", geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
        end
      }
      # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
    else
      # column = points, geometry = square
      q = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geometry}'), #{column_name}::geometry)"
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
  #    containing the items the shape of which is contained in the geographic_item[s] supplied.
  # @param column_name [String] can be any of DATA_TYPES, or 'any' to check against all types, 'any_poly' to check
  # against 'polygon' or 'multi_polygon', or 'any_line' to check against 'line_string' or 'multi_line_string'.
  #  CANNOT be 'geometry_collection'.
  # @param geographic_items [GeographicItem] Can be a single GeographicItem, or an array of GeographicItem.
  # @return [Scope]
  def is_contained_by(column_name, *geographic_items)
    column_name.downcase!
    case column_name
    when 'any'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
      part = []
      DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
        unless column == :geometry_collection
          if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
            part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
          end
        end
      }
      # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
      GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

    else
      q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
        GeographicItem.reverse_containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item.to_param,
                                              geographic_item.geo_object_type)
      }.join(' or ')
      where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
    end
  end

  # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_shortest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item).order('distance')
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def ordered_by_longest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
    if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
      q = select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
        .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
        .order('distance desc')
      q
    else
      where('false')
    end
  end

  # @param [String] column_name
  # @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
  # @return [String]
  def select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
    select("*, ST_Distance(#{column_name}, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) as distance")
  end

  # @param [String, GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
    where("#{column_name} is not null and ST_Distance(#{column_name}, " \
          "GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) > 0")
  end

  # @param [GeographicItem]
  # @return [Scope]
  def not_including(geographic_items)
    where.not(id: geographic_items)
  end

  # @return [Scope]
  #   includes an 'is_valid' attribute (True/False) for the passed geographic_item.  Uses St_IsValid.
  # @param [RGeo object] geographic_item
  def with_is_valid_geometry_column(geographic_item)
    where(id: geographic_item.id).select("ST_IsValid(ST_AsBinary(#{geographic_item.geo_object_type})) is_valid")
  end

  #
  # Other
  #

  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id1
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id2
  # @return [Float]
  def distance_between(geographic_item_id1, geographic_item_id2)
    q1 = "ST_Distance(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, " \
      "(#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)})) as distance"
    _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(
      :sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance(?, (?)) as distance',
                            GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL,
                            select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)])
    GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id1).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  end

  # @param [RGeo::Point] point
  # @return [Hash]
  #   as per #inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy but for Rgeo point
  def point_inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy(point)
    GeographicItem.containing_point(point).order(cached_total_area: :ASC).limit(1).first&.inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  end

  # @param [String] type_name ('polygon', 'point', 'line' [, 'circle'])
  # @return [String] if type
  def eval_for_type(type_name)
    retval = 'GeographicItem'
    case type_name.upcase
    when 'POLYGON'
      retval += '::Polygon'
    when 'LINESTRING'
      retval += '::LineString'
    when 'POINT'
      retval += '::Point'
    when 'MULTIPOLYGON'
      retval += '::MultiPolygon'
    when 'MULTILINESTRING'
      retval += '::MultiLineString'
    when 'MULTIPOINT'
      retval += '::MultiPoint'
    else
      retval = nil
    end
    retval
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
  # @return [RGeo::Geographic object]
  def geometry_for(geographic_item_id)
    GeographicItem.select(GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry').find(geographic_item_id)['geometry']
  end

  # example, not used
  # @param [Integer, Array] geographic_item_ids
  # @return [Scope]
  def st_multi(*geographic_item_ids)
    GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
      "SELECT ST_Multi(ST_Collect(g.the_geom)) AS singlegeom
 FROM (
    SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom AS the_geom
    FROM geographic_items
    WHERE id IN (?))
  AS g;", geographic_item_ids.flatten
    )
  end
end # class << self

# @return [Hash]
#    a geographic_name_classification or empty Hash
# This is a quick approach that works only when
# the geographic_item is linked explicitly to a GeographicArea.
#
# !! Note that it is not impossible for a GeographicItem to be linked
# to > 1 GeographicArea, in that case we are assuming that all are
# equally refined, this might not be the case in the future because
# of how the GeographicArea gazetteer is indexed.
def quick_geographic_name_hierarchy
  geographic_areas.order(:id).each do |ga|
    h = ga.geographic_name_classification # not quick enough !!
    return h if h.present?
  end
  return  {}
end

# @return [Hash]
#   a geographic_name_classification (see GeographicArea) inferred by
# finding the smallest area containing this GeographicItem, in the most accurate gazetteer
# and using it to return country/state/county. See also the logic in
# filling in missing levels in GeographicArea.
def inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  if small_area = containing_geographic_areas
    .joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items)
    .merge(GeographicAreasGeographicItem.ordered_by_data_origin)
    .ordered_by_area
    .limit(1)
    .first
  return small_area.geographic_name_classification
  else
    {}
  end
end

def geographic_name_hierarchy
  a = quick_geographic_name_hierarchy # quick; almost never the case, UI not setup to do this
  return a if a.present?
  inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy # slow
end

# @return [Scope]
#   the Geographic Areas that contain (gis) this geographic item
def containing_geographic_areas
  GeographicArea.joins(:geographic_items).includes(:geographic_area_type)
    .joins("JOIN (#{GeographicItem.containing(id).to_sql}) j on geographic_items.id = j.id")
end

# @return [Boolean]
#   whether stored shape is ST_IsValid
def valid_geometry?
  GeographicItem.with_is_valid_geometry_column(self).first['is_valid']
end

# @return [Array of latitude, longitude]
#    the lat, lon of the first point in the GeoItem, see subclass for #st_start_point
def start_point
  o = st_start_point
  [o.y, o.x]
end

# @return [Array]
#   the lat, long, as STRINGs for the centroid of this geographic item
#   Meh- this: https://postgis.net/docs/en/ST_MinimumBoundingRadius.html
def center_coords
  r = GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
    "Select split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), " \
    "'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 1) latitude, split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
    "(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), 'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 2) " \
    "longitude from geographic_items where id = #{id};")[0]

  [r.latitude, r.longitude]
end

# @return [RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPointImpl]
#    representing the centroid of this geographic item
def centroid
  # Gis::FACTORY.point(*center_coords.reverse)
  return geo_object if type == 'GeographicItem::Point'
  return Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(self.st_centroid)
end

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (slower, more accurate)
def st_distance(geographic_item_id) # geo_object
  q1 = "ST_Distance((#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)}), " \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)})) as d"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance((?),(?)) as d',
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(self.id),
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)])
  deg = GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  deg * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST
end

# @param [GeographicItem] geographic_item
# @return [Double] distance in meters
# Like st_distance but works with changed and non persisted objects
def st_distance_to_geographic_item(geographic_item)
  unless !persisted? || changed?
    a = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)})"
  else
    a = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geo_object}')"
  end

  unless !geographic_item.persisted? || geographic_item.changed?
    b = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item.id)})"
  else
    b = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geographic_item.geo_object}')"
  end

  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_value("SELECT ST_Distance(#{a}, #{b})")
end

alias_method :distance_to, :st_distance

# @param [Integer] geographic_item_id
# @return [Double] distance in meters (faster, less accurate)
def st_distance_spheroid(geographic_item_id)
  q1 = "ST_DistanceSpheroid((#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id)})," \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)}),'#{Gis::SPHEROID}') as distance"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array,
                                ['ST_DistanceSpheroid((?),(?),?) as distance',
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id),
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id),
                                 Gis::SPHEROID])
  # TODO: what is _q2?
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
end

# @return [String]
#   a WKT POINT representing the centroid of the geographic item
def st_centroid
  GeographicItem.where(id: to_param).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_AsEWKT(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}))")).first.gsub(/SRID=\d*;/, '')
end

# @return [Integer]
#   the number of points in the geometry
def st_npoints
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_NPoints(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as npoints")).first
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   the geo type (i.e. column like :point, :multipolygon).  References the first-found object,
# according to the list of DATA_TYPES, or nil
def geo_object_type
  if self.class.name == 'GeographicItem' # a proxy check for new records
    geo_type
  else
    self.class::SHAPE_COLUMN
  end
end

# !!TODO: migrate these to use native column calls

# @return [RGeo instance, nil]
#  the Rgeo shape (See http://rubydoc.info/github/dazuma/rgeo/RGeo/Feature)
def geo_object
  begin
    if r = geo_object_type # rubocop:disable Lint/AssignmentInCondition
      send(r)
    else
      false
    end
  rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
    return nil # TODO: we need to render proper error for this!
  end
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def contains?(target_geo_object)
  return nil if target_geo_object.nil?
  self.geo_object.contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def within?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.within?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object]
# @return [Boolean]
def intersects?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.intersects?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def near(target_geo_object, distance)
  self.geo_object.unsafe_buffer(distance).contains?(target_geo_object)
end

# @param [geo_object, Double]
# @return [Boolean]
def far(target_geo_object, distance)
  !near(target_geo_object, distance)
end

# @return [GeoJSON hash]
#    via Rgeo apparently necessary for GeometryCollection
def rgeo_to_geo_json
  RGeo::GeoJSON.encode(geo_object).to_json
end

# @return [Hash]
#   in GeoJSON format
#   Computed via "raw" PostGIS (much faster). This
#   requires the geo_object_type and id.
#
def to_geo_json
  JSON.parse(
    GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
      "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
      "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a'])
end

# We don't need to serialize to/from JSON
def to_geo_json_string
  GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
    "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
    "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a']
end

# @return [Hash]
#   the shape as a GeoJSON Feature with some item metadata
def to_geo_json_feature
  @geometry ||= to_geo_json
  {'type' => 'Feature',
   'geometry' => geometry,
   'properties' => {
     'geographic_item' => {
       'id' => id}
   }
  }
end

# @param value [String] like:
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
#   '{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":"[[[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793],
#      [-67.11035013198853, 45.09937589848195],[-80.64550638198853, 25.01924647619111],[-117.55956888198853,
#      32.5591595028449],[-125.29394388198853, 48.584480409793]]]"},"properties":{}}'
#
#  '{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.5,4.0]},"properties":{"color":"red"}}'
#
# @return [Boolean, RGeo object]
def shape=(value)

  if value.present?

    begin
      geom = RGeo::GeoJSON.decode(value, json_parser: :json, geo_factory: Gis::FACTORY)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry => e
      errors.add(:base, "invalid geometry: #{e.to_s}")
      return
    end

    this_type = nil

    if geom.respond_to?(:geometry_type)
      this_type = geom.geometry_type.to_s
    elsif geom.respond_to?(:geometry)
      this_type = geom.geometry.geometry_type.to_s
    else
    end

    self.type = GeographicItem.eval_for_type(this_type) unless geom.nil?

    if type.blank?
      errors.add(:base, 'type is not set from shape')
      return
    end

    object = nil

    s = geom.respond_to?(:geometry) ? geom.geometry.to_s : geom.to_s

    begin
      object = Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(s)
    rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
      errors.add(:self, 'Shape value is an Invalid Geometry')
    end

    write_attribute(this_type.underscore.to_sym, object)
    geom
  end
end

# @return [String]
def to_wkt
  #  10k  #<Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0dfd30fd0 @label="", @real=25.237487000005785, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=1.1704609999999995, @utime=5.507929999999988, @total=6.678390999999987>
  #  GeographicItem.select("ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) wkt").where(id: id).first.wkt

  # 10k <Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0e02f7540 @label="", @real=21.619827999995323, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=0.8850890000000007, @utime=3.2958549999999605, @total=4.180943999999961>
  if a =  ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} ) wkt from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first
    return a['wkt']
  else
    return nil
  end
end

# @return  [Float] in meters, calculated
# TODO: share with world
#    Geographic item 96862 (Cajamar in Brazil) is the only(?) record to fail using `false` (quicker) method of everything we tested
def area
  a = GeographicItem.where(id:).select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, true) as area_in_meters").first['area_in_meters']
  a = nil if a.nan?
  a
end

# @return [Float, false]
#    the value in square meters of the interesecting area of this and another GeographicItem
def intersecting_area(geographic_item_id)
  a = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('a')
  b = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('b')

  c = GeographicItem.connection.execute(
    "SELECT ST_Area(ST_Intersection(#{a}, #{b})) as intersecting_area
      FROM geographic_items a, geographic_items b
      WHERE a.id = #{id} AND b.id = #{geographic_item_id};"
  ).first
  c && c['intersecting_area'].to_f
end

# TODO: This is bad, while internal use of ONE_WEST_MEAN is consistent it is in-accurate given the vast differences of radius vs. lat/long position.
# When we strike the error-polygon from radius we should remove this
#
# Use case is returning the radius from a circle we calculated via buffer for error-polygon creation.
def radius
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_MinimumBoundingRadius( ST_Transform(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}, 4326 )  ) AS radius from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['radius'].split(',').last.chop.to_f
  r = (r * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST_MEAN).to_i
end


# Convention is to store in PostGIS in CCW
# @return Array [Boolean]
#   false - cw
#   true - ccw (preferred), except cee donuts
def orientations
  if multi_polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(" \
         SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(a.geom) as is_ccw
            FROM ( SELECT b.id, (ST_Dump(p_geom)).geom AS geom
               FROM (SELECT id, multi_polygon::geometry AS p_geom FROM geographic_items where id = #{id}) AS b \
          ) AS a;").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  elsif polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute("SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) as is_ccw \
            FROM geographic_items where  id = #{id};").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  else
    []
  end
end

# @return Boolean
#   looks at all orientations
#   if they follow the pattern [true, false, ... <all false>] then `true`, else `false`
# !! Does not confirm that shapes are nested !!
def is_basic_donut?
  a = orientations
  b = a.shift
  return false unless b
  a.uniq!
  a == [false]
end

def st_isvalid
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValid(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalid']
end

def st_isvalidreason
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValidReason(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalidreason']
end

# !! Unused. Doesn't check Geometry collection
def has_polygons?
  ['GeographicItem::MultiPolygon', 'GeographicItem::Polygon'].include?(self.type)
end

private

def align_winding
  if orientations.flatten.include?(false)
    case type
    when 'multi_polygon'
      ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set multi_polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(multi_polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    when 'polygon'
     ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    end     
  end
  true
end

# Crude debuging helper, write the shapes
# to a png
def self.debug_draw(geographic_item_ids = [])
  return false if geographic_item_ids.empty?

  sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
     ST_AsRaster(
        (SELECT ST_Union(multi_polygon::geometry) from geographic_items where id IN (" + geographic_item_ids.join(',') + ")), 1920, 1080
    )
   ) png;"

  # ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
  #     1920,
  #     1080)


  result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
  r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

  prefix = if geographic_item_ids.size > 10
             'multiple'
           else
             geographic_item_ids.join('_') + '_debug.draw.png'
           end

  n = prefix + '_debug.draw.png'

  # Open the file in binary write mode ("wb")
  File.open(n, 'wb') do |file|
    # Write the binary data to the file
    file.write(r)
  end
end

# def png

#   if ids = Otu.joins(:cached_map_items).first.cached_map_items.pluck(:geographic_item_id)

#     sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
#    ST_AsRaster(
#        ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
#            1024,
#            768)
#     ) png
#        from geographic_items where id IN (" + ids.join(',') + ');'

#     # hack, not the best way to unpack result
#     result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
#     r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

#     send_data r, filename: 'foo.png', type: 'imnage/png'

#   else
#     render json: {foo: false}
#   end
# end

def set_cached
  update_column(:cached_total_area, area)
end

# @return [Symbol]
#   returns the attribute (column name) containing data
#   nearly all methods should use #geo_object_type, not geo_type
def geo_type
  DATA_TYPES.each { |item|
    return item if send(item)
  }
  nil
end

# @return [Boolean, String] false if already set, or type to which it was set
def set_type_if_geography_present
  if type.blank?
    column = geo_type
    self.type = "GeographicItem::#{column.to_s.camelize}" if column
  end
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Array] of a point
#   Longitude |, Latitude -
def point_to_a(point)
  data = []
  data.push(point.x, point.y)
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Point] point
# @return [Hash] of a point
def point_to_hash(point)
  {points: [point_to_a(point)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPoint] multi_point
# @return [Array] of points
def multi_point_to_a(multi_point)
  data = []
  multi_point.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of points
def multi_point_to_hash(_multi_point)
  # when we encounter a multi_point type, we only stick the points into the array, NOT it's identity as a group
  {points: multi_point_to_a(multi_point)}
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Array] of points in the line
def line_string_to_a(line_string)
  data = []
  line_string.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [Reo::LineString] line_string
# @return [Hash] of points in the line
def line_string_to_hash(line_string)
  {lines: [line_string_to_a(line_string)]}
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Array] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_a(polygon)
  # TODO: handle other parts of the polygon; i.e., the interior_rings (if they exist)
  data = []
  polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

# @param [RGeo::Polygon] polygon
# @return [Hash] of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)
def polygon_to_hash(polygon)
  {polygons: [polygon_to_a(polygon)]}
end

# @return [Array] of line_strings as arrays of points
# @param [RGeo::MultiLineString] multi_line_string
def multi_line_string_to_a(multi_line_string)
  data = []
  multi_line_string.each { |line_string|
    line_data = []
    line_string.points.each { |point|
      line_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(line_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of line_strings as hashes of points
def multi_line_string_to_hash(_multi_line_string)
  {lines: to_a}
end

# @param [RGeo::MultiPolygon] multi_polygon
# @return [Array] of arrays of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_a(multi_polygon)
  data = []
  multi_polygon.each { |polygon|
    polygon_data = []
    polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
      polygon_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(polygon_data)
  }
  data
end

# @return [Hash] of hashes of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)
def multi_polygon_to_hash(_multi_polygon)
  {polygons: to_a}
end

# @return [Boolean] iff there is one and only one shape column set
def some_data_is_provided
  data = []

  DATA_TYPES.each do |item|
    data.push(item) if send(item).present?
  end

  case data.count
  when 0
    errors.add(:base, 'No shape provided or provided shape is invalid')
  when 1
    return true
  else
    data.each do |object|
      errors.add(object, 'More than one shape type provided')
    end
  end
  true
end
end

Class Method Details

.aliased_geographic_sql(name = 'a') ⇒ Object



124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 124

def aliased_geographic_sql(name = 'a')
  "CASE #{name}.type \
   WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN #{name}.multi_polygon \
   WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN #{name}.point \
   WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN #{name}.line_string \
   WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN #{name}.polygon \
   WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN #{name}.multi_line_string \
   WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN #{name}.multi_point \
   WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN #{name}.geometry_collection \
   END"
end

.are_contained_in_item(column_name, *geographic_items) ⇒ Scope

Returns see are_contained_in_item_by_id.

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Scope)

    see are_contained_in_item_by_id



632
633
634
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 632

def are_contained_in_item(column_name, *geographic_items)
  are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, geographic_items.flatten.map(&:id))
end

.are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, *geographic_item_ids) ⇒ Scope

rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength If this scope is given an Array of GeographicItems as a second parameter, it will return the ‘OR’ of each of the objects against the table. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM “geographic_items”

WHERE (ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (0.0 0.0 0.0)'))
       OR ST_Contains(polygon::geometry, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;POINT (-9.8 5.0 0.0)')))

Parameters:

  • column_name (String)

    to search

  • geographic_item_ids (GeographicItem)

    or array of geographic_item_ids to be tested.

Returns:

  • (Scope)

    of GeographicItems



647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 647

def are_contained_in_item_by_id(column_name, *geographic_item_ids) # = containing
  geographic_item_ids.flatten! # in case there is a array of arrays, or multiple objects
  column_name.downcase!
  case column_name
  when 'any'
    part = []
    DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
      unless column == :geometry_collection
        part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id(column.to_s, geographic_item_ids).to_a)
      end
    }
    # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
    GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
  when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
    part = []
    DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
      if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
        part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_item_by_id("#{column}", geographic_item_ids).to_a)
      end
    }
    # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
    GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))
  else
    q = geographic_item_ids.flatten.collect { |geographic_item_id|
      # discover the item types, and convert type to database type for 'multi_'
      b = GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id)
        .pluck(:type)[0].split(':')[2].downcase.gsub('lti', 'lti_')
      # a = GeographicItem.find(geographic_item_id).geo_object_type
      GeographicItem.containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item_id, b)
    }.join(' or ')
    q = 'FALSE' if q.blank? # this will prevent the invocation of *ALL* of the GeographicItems, if there are
    # no GeographicItems in the request (see CollectingEvent.name_hash(types)).
    where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
  end
end

.are_contained_in_wkt(column_name, geometry) ⇒ Scope

a single WKT geometry is compared against column or columns (except geometry_collection) to find geographic_items which are contained in the WKT

Parameters:

  • column_name (String)
  • geometry (String)

    of WKT

Returns:

  • (Scope)


690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 690

def are_contained_in_wkt(column_name, geometry)
  column_name.downcase!
  # column_name = 'point'
  case column_name
  when 'any'
    part = []
    DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
      unless column == :geometry_collection
        part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt(column.to_s, geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
      end
    }
    # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
    GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
  when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
    part = []
    DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
      if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
        part.push(GeographicItem.are_contained_in_wkt("#{column}", geometry).pluck(:id).to_a)
      end
    }
    # TODO: change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
    GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten)
  else
    # column = points, geometry = square
    q = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geometry}'), #{column_name}::geometry)"
    where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
  end
end

.contained_by(*geographic_item_ids) ⇒ Scope

(works via ST_ContainsProperly)

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_ids (Interger, Array of Integer)

Returns:

  • (Scope)

    the geographic items contained by any of these geographic_item ids, not including self



524
525
526
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 524

def contained_by(*geographic_item_ids)
  where(GeographicItem.contained_by_where_sql(geographic_item_ids))
end

.contained_by_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids) ⇒ String

Note: Can not use GEOMETRY_SQL because geometry_collection is not supported in ST_ContainsProperly Note: !! If the target GeographicItem#id crosses the anti-meridian then you may/will get unexpected results.

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_ids (Interger, Array of Integer)

Returns:

  • (String)

    sql for contained_by via ST_ContainsProperly



469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 469

def contained_by_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
  "ST_Contains(
  #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
  CASE geographic_items.type
    WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
    WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
    WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
    WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
    WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
    WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
  END)"
end

.contained_by_with_antimeridian_check(*ids) ⇒ Array

TODO: test this

Parameters:

  • ids (Interger, Array of Integer)

Returns:

  • (Array)

    If we detect that some query id has crossed the meridian, then loop through and “manually” build up a list of results. Should only be used if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id? is true. Note that this does not return a Scope, so you can’t chain it like contained_by?



397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 397

def contained_by_with_antimeridian_check(*ids)
  ids.flatten! # make sure there is only one level of splat (*)
  results = []

  crossing_ids = []

  ids.each do |id|
    # push each which crosses
    crossing_ids.push(id) if GeographicItem.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(id)
  end

  non_crossing_ids = ids - crossing_ids
  results.push GeographicItem.contained_by(non_crossing_ids).to_a if non_crossing_ids.any?

  crossing_ids.each do |id|
    # [61666, 61661, 61659, 61654, 61639]
    q1 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_AsText((SELECT polygon FROM geographic_items ' \
                                                       'WHERE id = ?))', id])
    r = GeographicItem.where(
      # GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(GeographicItem.find(id).geo_object.to_s)
      GeographicItem.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(
        ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(q1).first['st_astext'])
    ).to_a
    results.push(r)
  end

  results.flatten.uniq
end

.contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt) ⇒ String

Note: this routine is called when it is already known that the A argument crosses anti-meridian

Returns:

  • (String)

    the SQL fragment for the specific geometry type, shifted by longitude



429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 429

def contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
  "ST_Contains(ST_ShiftLongitude(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326)), (
  CASE geographic_items.type
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_polygon::geometry)
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(point::geometry)
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(line_string::geometry)
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(polygon::geometry)
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_line_string::geometry)
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN ST_ShiftLongitude(multi_point::geometry)
  END
  )
)"
end

.contained_by_wkt_sql(wkt) ⇒ String

TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference

Returns:

  • (String)

    SQL fragment limiting geographics items to those in this WKT



446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 446

def contained_by_wkt_sql(wkt)
  if crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
    retval = contained_by_wkt_shifted_sql(wkt)
  else
    retval = "ST_Contains(ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', 4326), (
  CASE geographic_items.type
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
     WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
  END
  )
)"
  end
  retval
end

.containing(*geographic_item_ids) ⇒ Scope

Returns the geographic items containing these collective geographic_item ids, not including self.

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_ids (Interger, Array of Integer)

Returns:

  • (Scope)

    the geographic items containing these collective geographic_item ids, not including self



516
517
518
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 516

def containing(*geographic_item_ids)
  where(GeographicItem.containing_where_sql(geographic_item_ids)).not_ids(*geographic_item_ids)
end

.containing_point(rgeo_point) ⇒ Scope

TODO: should be containing_wkt ?

Parameters:

  • rgeo_point (RGeo::Point)

Returns:

  • (Scope)

    the geographic items containing this point



532
533
534
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 532

def containing_point(rgeo_point)
  where(GeographicItem.containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point))
end

.containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil) ⇒ String

Returns a SQL fragment for ST_Contains() function, returns all geographic items which are contained in the item supplied.

Parameters:

  • (String, Integer, String)

Returns:

  • (String)

    a SQL fragment for ST_Contains() function, returns all geographic items which are contained in the item supplied



267
268
269
270
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 267

def containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
  return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
  "ST_Contains(#{target_column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}))"
end

.containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point) ⇒ String

TODO: Remove the hard coded 4326 reference TODO: should this be wkt_point instead of rgeo_point?

Parameters:

  • rgeo_point (RGeo:Point)

Returns:

  • (String)

    sql for containing via ST_CoveredBy



486
487
488
489
490
491
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 486

def containing_where_for_point_sql(rgeo_point)
  "ST_CoveredBy(
ST_GeomFromText('#{rgeo_point}', 4326),
#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}
     )"
end

.containing_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids) ⇒ String

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_ids (Interger, Array of Integer)

Returns:

  • (String)


362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 362

def containing_where_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
  "ST_CoveredBy(
    #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
     CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geometry
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geometry
    END)"
end

.containing_where_sql_geog(*geographic_item_ids) ⇒ String

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_ids (Interger, Array of Integer)

Returns:

  • (String)


377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 377

def containing_where_sql_geog(*geographic_item_ids)
  "ST_CoveredBy(
    #{GeographicItem.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)},
     CASE geographic_items.type
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN multi_polygon::geography
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN point::geography
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN line_string::geography
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN polygon::geography
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN multi_line_string::geography
       WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN multi_point::geography
    END)"
end

.crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt) ⇒ Boolean

Returns whether or not the wtk intersects with the anti-meridian !! StrongParams security considerations.

Parameters:

  • wkt (String)

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

    whether or not the wtk intersects with the anti-meridian !! StrongParams security considerations



159
160
161
162
163
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 159

def crosses_anti_meridian?(wkt)
  GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
    ['SELECT ST_Intersects(ST_GeogFromText(?), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', wkt, ANTI_MERIDIAN]
  ).first.r
end

.crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(*ids) ⇒ Boolean

Returns whether or not any GeographicItem passed intersects the anti-meridian !! StrongParams security considerations This is our first line of defense against queries that define multiple shapes, one or more of which crosses the anti-meridian. In this case the current TW strategy within the UI is to abandon the search, and prompt the user to refactor the query.

Parameters:

  • ids (Integer)

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

    whether or not any GeographicItem passed intersects the anti-meridian !! StrongParams security considerations This is our first line of defense against queries that define multiple shapes, one or more of which crosses the anti-meridian. In this case the current TW strategy within the UI is to abandon the search, and prompt the user to refactor the query.



172
173
174
175
176
177
178
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 172

def crosses_anti_meridian_by_id?(*ids)
  q1 = ["SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (#{GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids)}) as " \
        'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', ANTI_MERIDIAN]
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['SELECT ST_Intersects((SELECT single_geometry FROM (?) as ' \
                                                      'left_intersect), ST_GeogFromText(?)) as r;', GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(*ids), ANTI_MERIDIAN])
  GeographicItem.find_by_sql(q1).first.r
end

.debug_draw(geographic_item_ids = []) ⇒ Object (private)

Crude debuging helper, write the shapes to a png



1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1283

def self.debug_draw(geographic_item_ids = [])
  return false if geographic_item_ids.empty?

  sql = "SELECT ST_AsPNG(
     ST_AsRaster(
        (SELECT ST_Union(multi_polygon::geometry) from geographic_items where id IN (" + geographic_item_ids.join(',') + ")), 1920, 1080
    )
   ) png;"

  # ST_Buffer( multi_polygon::geometry, 0, 'join=bevel'),
  #     1920,
  #     1080)


  result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql).first['png']
  r = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.unescape_bytea(result)

  prefix = if geographic_item_ids.size > 10
             'multiple'
           else
             geographic_item_ids.join('_') + '_debug.draw.png'
           end

  n = prefix + '_debug.draw.png'

  # Open the file in binary write mode ("wb")
  File.open(n, 'wb') do |file|
    # Write the binary data to the file
    file.write(r)
  end
end

.default_by_geographic_area_ids(geographic_area_ids = []) ⇒ GeographicItem::ActiveRecord_Relation

Returns:

  • (GeographicItem::ActiveRecord_Relation)


148
149
150
151
152
153
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 148

def default_by_geographic_area_ids(geographic_area_ids = [])
  GeographicItem.
    joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items).
    merge(::GeographicAreasGeographicItem.default_geographic_item_data).
    where(geographic_areas_geographic_items: {geographic_area_id: geographic_area_ids})
end

.disjoint_from(column_name, *geographic_items) ⇒ Scope

Returns a SQL fragment for ST_DISJOINT, specifies all geographic_items that have data in column_name that are disjoint from the passed geographic_items.

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Scope)

    a SQL fragment for ST_DISJOINT, specifies all geographic_items that have data in column_name that are disjoint from the passed geographic_items



619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 619

def disjoint_from(column_name, *geographic_items)
  q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
    "ST_DISJOINT(#{column_name}::geometry, (#{geometry_sql(geographic_item.to_param,
                                                       geographic_item.geo_object_type)}))"
  }.join(' and ')

  where(q)
end

.distance_between(geographic_item_id1, geographic_item_id2) ⇒ Float

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_id1 (Integer)
  • geographic_item_id2 (Integer)

Returns:

  • (Float)


820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 820

def distance_between(geographic_item_id1, geographic_item_id2)
  q1 = "ST_Distance(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, " \
    "(#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)})) as distance"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(
    :sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance(?, (?)) as distance',
                          GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL,
                          select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id2)])
  GeographicItem.where(id: geographic_item_id1).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
end

.eval_for_type(type_name) ⇒ String

Returns if type.

Parameters:

  • type_name (String)

    (‘polygon’, ‘point’, ‘line’ [, ‘circle’])

Returns:

  • (String)

    if type



839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 839

def eval_for_type(type_name)
  retval = 'GeographicItem'
  case type_name.upcase
  when 'POLYGON'
    retval += '::Polygon'
  when 'LINESTRING'
    retval += '::LineString'
  when 'POINT'
    retval += '::Point'
  when 'MULTIPOLYGON'
    retval += '::MultiPolygon'
  when 'MULTILINESTRING'
    retval += '::MultiLineString'
  when 'MULTIPOINT'
    retval += '::MultiPoint'
  else
    retval = nil
  end
  retval
end

.geometry_for(geographic_item_id) ⇒ RGeo::Geographic object

example, not used

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_id (Integer)

Returns:

  • (RGeo::Geographic object)


863
864
865
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 863

def geometry_for(geographic_item_id)
  GeographicItem.select(GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry').find(geographic_item_id)['geometry']
end

.geometry_for_collection_sql(*geographic_item_ids) ⇒ String

example, not used

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_ids (Interger, Array of Integer)

Returns:

  • (String)

    SQL for geometries



504
505
506
507
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 504

def geometry_for_collection_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
  'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id IN ' \
    "( #{geographic_item_ids.join(',')} )"
end

.geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_id) ⇒ String

example, not used

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_id (Interger)

Returns:

  • (String)

    SQL for geometries



496
497
498
499
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 496

def geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_id)
  'SELECT ' + GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql + ' AS geometry FROM geographic_items WHERE id = ' \
    "#{geographic_item_id} LIMIT 1"
end

.geometry_sql(geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil) ⇒ String

source_column_name, i.e. geo_object_type)

Parameters:

  • (Integer, String)

Returns:

  • (String)

    a SQL fragment that represents the geometry of the geographic item specified (which has data in the



285
286
287
288
289
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 285

def geometry_sql(geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
  return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil?
  "select geom_alias_tbl.#{source_column_name}::geometry from geographic_items geom_alias_tbl " \
    "where geom_alias_tbl.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
end

.geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids) ⇒ String

geometry as ‘geometry’ for a single id

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_ids (Interger, Array of Integer)

Returns:

  • (String)

    returns a single geometry “column” (paren wrapped) as “single” for multiple geographic item ids, or the



351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 351

def geometry_sql2(*geographic_item_ids)
  geographic_item_ids.flatten! # *ALWAYS* reduce the pile to a single level of ids
  if geographic_item_ids.count == 1
    "(#{GeographicItem.geometry_for_sql(geographic_item_ids.first)})"
  else
    GeographicItem.single_geometry_sql(geographic_item_ids)
  end
end

.intersecting(column_name, *geographic_items) ⇒ Scope

Parameters:

  • (String, GeographicItems)

Returns:

  • (Scope)


588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 588

def intersecting(column_name, *geographic_items)
  if column_name.downcase == 'any'
    pieces = []
    DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
      pieces.push(GeographicItem.intersecting(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
    }

    # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct

    GeographicItem.where(id: pieces.flatten.map(&:id))
  else
    q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
      "ST_Intersects(#{column_name}, '#{geographic_item.geo_object}'    )" # seems like we want this: http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel/#/15/2
    }.join(' or ')

    where(q)
  end
end

.intersecting_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance) ⇒ String

TODO: 3D is overkill here !! This is intersecting

Parameters:

  • wkt (String)
  • distance (Integer)

    (meters)

Returns:

  • (String)


250
251
252
253
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 250

def intersecting_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
  "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), ST_Transform( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}', " \
    "4326), 4326), #{distance})"
end

.is_contained_by(column_name, *geographic_items) ⇒ Scope

rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength

containing the items the shape of which is contained in the geographic_item[s] supplied.

against ‘polygon’ or ‘multi_polygon’, or ‘any_line’ to check against ‘line_string’ or ‘multi_line_string’.

CANNOT be 'geometry_collection'.

Parameters:

  • column_name (String)

    can be any of DATA_TYPES, or ‘any’ to check against all types, ‘any_poly’ to check

  • geographic_items (GeographicItem)

    Can be a single GeographicItem, or an array of GeographicItem.

Returns:

  • (Scope)


726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 726

def is_contained_by(column_name, *geographic_items)
  column_name.downcase!
  case column_name
  when 'any'
    part = []
    DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
      unless column == :geometry_collection
        part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
      end
    }
    # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
    GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

  when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
    part = []
    DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
      unless column == :geometry_collection
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          part.push(GeographicItem.is_contained_by(column.to_s, geographic_items).to_a)
        end
      end
    }
    # @TODO change 'id in (?)' to some other sql construct
    GeographicItem.where(id: part.flatten.map(&:id))

  else
    q = geographic_items.flatten.collect { |geographic_item|
      GeographicItem.reverse_containing_sql(column_name, geographic_item.to_param,
                                            geographic_item.geo_object_type)
    }.join(' or ')
    where(q) # .not_including(geographic_items)
  end
end

.is_contained_by_sql(column_name, geographic_item) ⇒ String

rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (String)

    of SQL



295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 295

def is_contained_by_sql(column_name, geographic_item)
  geo_id = geographic_item.id
  geo_type = geographic_item.geo_object_type
  template = '(ST_Contains((select geographic_items.%s::geometry from geographic_items where ' \
    'geographic_items.id = %d), %s::geometry))'
  retval = []
  column_name.downcase!
  case column_name
  when 'any'
    DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
      unless column == :geometry_collection
        retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
      end
    }
  when 'any_poly', 'any_line'
    DATA_TYPES.each { |column|
      unless column == :geometry_collection
        if column.to_s.index(column_name.gsub('any_', ''))
          retval.push(template % [geo_type, geo_id, column])
        end
      end
    }
  else
    retval = template % [geo_type, geo_id, column_name]
  end
  retval = retval.join(' OR ') if retval.instance_of?(Array)
  retval
end

.lat_long_sql(choice) ⇒ String

Returns a fragment returning either latitude or longitude columns.

Parameters:

  • choice (Symbol)

Returns:

  • (String)

    a fragment returning either latitude or longitude columns



203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 203

def lat_long_sql(choice)
  return nil unless [:latitude, :longitude].include?(choice)
  f = "'D.DDDDDD'" # TODO: probably a constant somewhere
  v = (choice == :latitude ? 1 : 2)
  "CASE geographic_items.type
WHEN 'GeographicItem::GeometryCollection' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
"(geometry_collection::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
WHEN 'GeographicItem::LineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(line_string::geometry), " \
"#{f}), ' ', #{v})
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPolygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
"ST_Centroid(multi_polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Point' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
"ST_Centroid(point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
WHEN 'GeographicItem::Polygon' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
"ST_Centroid(polygon::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiLineString' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
"ST_Centroid(multi_line_string::geometry), #{f} ), ' ', #{v})
WHEN 'GeographicItem::MultiPoint' THEN split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(" \
"ST_Centroid(multi_point::geometry), #{f}), ' ', #{v})
    END as #{choice}"
end

.not_including(geographic_items) ⇒ Scope

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Scope)


802
803
804
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 802

def not_including(geographic_items)
  where.not(id: geographic_items)
end

.ordered_by_longest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item) ⇒ Scope

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Scope)


775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 775

def ordered_by_longest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
  if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
    q = select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
      .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
      .order('distance desc')
    q
  else
    where('false')
  end
end

.ordered_by_shortest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item) ⇒ Scope

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Scope)


764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 764

def ordered_by_shortest_distance_from(column_name, geographic_item)
  if true # check_geo_params(column_name, geographic_item)
    select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
      .where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item).order('distance')
  else
    where('false')
  end
end

.point_inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy(point) ⇒ Hash

Returns as per #inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy but for Rgeo point.

Parameters:

  • point (RGeo::Point)

Returns:

  • (Hash)

    as per #inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy but for Rgeo point



833
834
835
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 833

def point_inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy(point)
  GeographicItem.containing_point(point).order(cached_total_area: :ASC).limit(1).first&.inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
end

.reverse_containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil) ⇒ String

Returns a SQL fragment for ST_Contains(), returns all geographic_items which contain the supplied geographic_item.

Parameters:

  • (String, Integer, String)

Returns:

  • (String)

    a SQL fragment for ST_Contains(), returns all geographic_items which contain the supplied geographic_item



276
277
278
279
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 276

def reverse_containing_sql(target_column_name = nil, geographic_item_id = nil, source_column_name = nil)
  return 'false' if geographic_item_id.nil? || source_column_name.nil? || target_column_name.nil?
  "ST_Contains((#{geometry_sql(geographic_item_id, source_column_name)}), #{target_column_name}::geometry)"
end

.select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item) ⇒ String

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (String)


789
790
791
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 789

def select_distance_with_geo_object(column_name, geographic_item)
  select("*, ST_Distance(#{column_name}, GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) as distance")
end

.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id) ⇒ String

Returns a SQL select statement that returns the geography for the geographic_item with the specified id.

Parameters:

  • (Integer, String)

Returns:

  • (String)

    a SQL select statement that returns the geography for the geographic_item with the specified id



194
195
196
197
198
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 194

def select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)
  ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
    "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = ?",
    geographic_item_id])
end

.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id) ⇒ String

Returns a SQL select statement that returns the geometry for the geographic_item with the specified id.

Parameters:

  • (Integer, String)

Returns:

  • (String)

    a SQL select statement that returns the geometry for the geographic_item with the specified id



187
188
189
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 187

def select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)
  "SELECT #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{geographic_item_id}"
end

.single_geometry_sql(*geographic_item_ids) ⇒ String

Returns one or more geographic items combined as a single geometry in column ‘single’

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_ids (Interger, Array of Integer)

Returns:

  • (String)

    returns one or more geographic items combined as a single geometry in column ‘single’



342
343
344
345
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 342

def single_geometry_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
  a = GeographicItem.st_collect_sql(geographic_item_ids)
  '(SELECT single.single_geometry FROM (' + a + ' ) AS single)'
end

.st_buffer_st_within(geographic_item_id, distance, buffer = 0) ⇒ String

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_id (Integer)
  • distance (Number)

    in meters to grow/shrink the shape (negative allowed)

  • distance (Number)

    (in meters) (positive only?!)

Returns:

  • (String)


237
238
239
240
241
242
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 237

def st_buffer_st_within(geographic_item_id, distance, buffer = 0)
  "ST_DWithin(
  ST_Buffer(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, #{buffer}),
  (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance}
 )"
end

.st_collect(geographic_item_scope) ⇒ Object



141
142
143
144
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 141

def st_collect(geographic_item_scope)
  GeographicItem.select("ST_Collect(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
    .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
end

.st_collect_sql(*geographic_item_ids) ⇒ String

provided via ST_Collect)

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_ids (Interger, Array of Integer)

Returns:

  • (String)

    a select query that returns a single geometry (column name ‘single_geometry’ for the collection of ids



328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 328

def st_collect_sql(*geographic_item_ids)
  geographic_item_ids.flatten!
  ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_for_conditions, [
    "SELECT ST_Collect(f.the_geom) AS single_geometry
     FROM (
  SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom as the_geom
  FROM geographic_items
  WHERE id in (?))
AS f", geographic_item_ids])
end

.st_multi(*geographic_item_ids) ⇒ Scope

example, not used

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_ids (Integer, Array)

Returns:

  • (Scope)


870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 870

def st_multi(*geographic_item_ids)
  GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
    "SELECT ST_Multi(ST_Collect(g.the_geom)) AS singlegeom
     FROM (
  SELECT (ST_DUMP(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql})).geom AS the_geom
  FROM geographic_items
  WHERE id IN (?))
AS g;", geographic_item_ids.flatten
  )
end

.st_union(geographic_item_scope) ⇒ Object



136
137
138
139
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 136

def st_union(geographic_item_scope)
  GeographicItem.select("ST_Union(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as collection")
    .where(id: geographic_item_scope.pluck(:id))
end

.where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item) ⇒ Scope

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Scope)


795
796
797
798
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 795

def where_distance_greater_than_zero(column_name, geographic_item)
  where("#{column_name} is not null and ST_Distance(#{column_name}, " \
        "GeomFromEWKT('srid=4326;#{geographic_item.geo_object}')) > 0")
end

.with_areaScope

Returns adds an area_in_meters field, with meters.

Returns:

  • (Scope)

    adds an area_in_meters field, with meters



538
539
540
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 538

def with_area
  select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, false) as area_in_meters")
end

.with_collecting_event_through_georeferencesScope

This uses an Arel table approach, this is ultimately more decomposable if we need. Of use:

http://danshultz.github.io/talks/mastering_activerecord_arel  <- best
https://github.com/rails/arel
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4500629/use-arel-for-a-nested-set-join-query-and-convert-to-activerecordrelation
http://rdoc.info/github/rails/arel/Arel/SelectManager
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7976358/activerecord-arel-or-condition

Returns:

  • (Scope)

    GeographicItem



560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 560

def with_collecting_event_through_georeferences
  geographic_items = GeographicItem.arel_table
  georeferences = Georeference.arel_table
  g1 = georeferences.alias('a')
  g2 = georeferences.alias('b')

  c = geographic_items.join(g1, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g1[:geographic_item_id]))
    .join(g2, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin).on(geographic_items[:id].eq(g2[:error_geographic_item_id]))

  GeographicItem.joins(# turn the Arel back into scope
                       c.join_sources # translate the Arel join to a join hash(?)
                      ).where(
                        g1[:id].not_eq(nil).or(g2[:id].not_eq(nil)) # returns a Arel::Nodes::Grouping
                      ).distinct
end

.with_is_valid_geometry_column(geographic_item) ⇒ Scope

Returns includes an ‘is_valid’ attribute (True/False) for the passed geographic_item. Uses St_IsValid.

Parameters:

  • geographic_item (RGeo object)

Returns:

  • (Scope)

    includes an ‘is_valid’ attribute (True/False) for the passed geographic_item. Uses St_IsValid.



809
810
811
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 809

def with_is_valid_geometry_column(geographic_item)
  where(id: geographic_item.id).select("ST_IsValid(ST_AsBinary(#{geographic_item.geo_object_type})) is_valid")
end

.with_latitudeScope

Returns include a ‘latitude’ column.

Returns:

  • (Scope)

    include a ‘latitude’ column



577
578
579
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 577

def with_latitude
  select(lat_long_sql(:latitude))
end

.with_longitudeScope

Returns include a ‘longitude’ column.

Returns:

  • (Scope)

    include a ‘longitude’ column



582
583
584
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 582

def with_longitude
  select(lat_long_sql(:longitude))
end

.within_radius_of_item(geographic_item_id, distance) ⇒ ActiveRecord::Relation

!! should be distance, not radius?!

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_id (GeographicItem#id)
  • distance (Float)

    in meters ?!?!

Returns:

  • (ActiveRecord::Relation)


611
612
613
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 611

def within_radius_of_item(geographic_item_id, distance)
  where(within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance))
end

.within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance) ⇒ String

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_id (Integer)
  • distance (Integer)

Returns:

  • (String)


228
229
230
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 228

def within_radius_of_item_sql(geographic_item_id, distance)
  "ST_DWithin((#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}), (#{select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)}), #{distance})"
end

.within_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance) ⇒ String

!! This is fully covering

Parameters:

  • wkt (String)
  • distance (Integer)

    (meters)

Returns:

  • (String)


259
260
261
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 259

def within_radius_of_wkt_sql(wkt, distance)
  "ST_Covers( ST_Buffer(ST_SetSRID( ST_GeomFromText('#{wkt}'), 4326)::geography, #{distance}), (#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}))"
end

Instance Method Details

#align_windingObject (private)



1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1263

def align_winding
  if orientations.flatten.include?(false)
    case type
    when 'multi_polygon'
      ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set multi_polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(multi_polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    when 'polygon'
     ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(
        "UPDATE geographic_items set polygon = ST_ForcePolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) 
          WHERE id = #{self.id};"
       )
    end     
  end
  true
end

#areaFloat

TODO: share with world

Geographic item 96862 (Cajamar in Brazil) is the only(?) record to fail using `false` (quicker) method of everything we tested

Returns:

  • (Float)

    in meters, calculated



1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1187

def area
  a = GeographicItem.where(id:).select("ST_Area(#{GeographicItem::GEOGRAPHY_SQL}, true) as area_in_meters").first['area_in_meters']
  a = nil if a.nan?
  a
end

#center_coordsArray

Returns the lat, long, as STRINGs for the centroid of this geographic item Meh- this: postgis.net/docs/en/ST_MinimumBoundingRadius.html.

Returns:



946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 946

def center_coords
  r = GeographicItem.find_by_sql(
    "Select split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), " \
    "'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 1) latitude, split_part(ST_AsLatLonText(ST_Centroid" \
    "(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}), 'D.DDDDDD'), ' ', 2) " \
    "longitude from geographic_items where id = #{id};")[0]

  [r.latitude, r.longitude]
end

#centroidRGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPointImpl

Returns representing the centroid of this geographic item.

Returns:

  • (RGeo::Geographic::ProjectedPointImpl)

    representing the centroid of this geographic item



958
959
960
961
962
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 958

def centroid
  # Gis::FACTORY.point(*center_coords.reverse)
  return geo_object if type == 'GeographicItem::Point'
  return Gis::FACTORY.parse_wkt(self.st_centroid)
end

#containing_geographic_areasScope

Returns the Geographic Areas that contain (gis) this geographic item.

Returns:

  • (Scope)

    the Geographic Areas that contain (gis) this geographic item



925
926
927
928
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 925

def containing_geographic_areas
  GeographicArea.joins(:geographic_items).includes(:geographic_area_type)
    .joins("JOIN (#{GeographicItem.containing(id).to_sql}) j on geographic_items.id = j.id")
end

#contains?(target_geo_object) ⇒ Boolean

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


1052
1053
1054
1055
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1052

def contains?(target_geo_object)
  return nil if target_geo_object.nil?
  self.geo_object.contains?(target_geo_object)
end

#far(target_geo_object, distance) ⇒ Boolean

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


1077
1078
1079
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1077

def far(target_geo_object, distance)
  !near(target_geo_object, distance)
end

#geo_objectRGeo instance?

Returns the Rgeo shape (See rubydoc.info/github/dazuma/rgeo/RGeo/Feature).

Returns:



1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1038

def geo_object
  begin
    if r = geo_object_type # rubocop:disable Lint/AssignmentInCondition
      send(r)
    else
      false
    end
  rescue RGeo::Error::InvalidGeometry
    return nil # TODO: we need to render proper error for this!
  end
end

#geo_object_typeSymbol

according to the list of DATA_TYPES, or nil

Returns:

  • (Symbol)

    the geo type (i.e. column like :point, :multipolygon). References the first-found object,



1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1026

def geo_object_type
  if self.class.name == 'GeographicItem' # a proxy check for new records
    geo_type
  else
    self.class::SHAPE_COLUMN
  end
end

#geo_typeSymbol (private)

Returns the attribute (column name) containing data nearly all methods should use #geo_object_type, not geo_type

Returns:

  • (Symbol)

    returns the attribute (column name) containing data nearly all methods should use #geo_object_type, not geo_type



1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1345

def geo_type
  DATA_TYPES.each { |item|
    return item if send(item)
  }
  nil
end

#geographic_name_hierarchyObject



917
918
919
920
921
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 917

def geographic_name_hierarchy
  a = quick_geographic_name_hierarchy # quick; almost never the case, UI not setup to do this
  return a if a.present?
  inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy # slow
end

#has_polygons?Boolean

!! Unused. Doesn’t check Geometry collection

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


1257
1258
1259
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1257

def has_polygons?
  ['GeographicItem::MultiPolygon', 'GeographicItem::Polygon'].include?(self.type)
end

#inferred_geographic_name_hierarchyHash

finding the smallest area containing this GeographicItem, in the most accurate gazetteer and using it to return country/state/county. See also the logic in filling in missing levels in GeographicArea.

Returns:

  • (Hash)

    a geographic_name_classification (see GeographicArea) inferred by



904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 904

def inferred_geographic_name_hierarchy
  if small_area = containing_geographic_areas
    .joins(:geographic_areas_geographic_items)
    .merge(GeographicAreasGeographicItem.ordered_by_data_origin)
    .ordered_by_area
    .limit(1)
    .first
  return small_area.geographic_name_classification
  else
    {}
  end
end

#intersecting_area(geographic_item_id) ⇒ Float, false

Returns the value in square meters of the interesecting area of this and another GeographicItem.

Returns:

  • (Float, false)

    the value in square meters of the interesecting area of this and another GeographicItem



1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1195

def intersecting_area(geographic_item_id)
  a = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('a')
  b = GeographicItem.aliased_geographic_sql('b')

  c = GeographicItem.connection.execute(
    "SELECT ST_Area(ST_Intersection(#{a}, #{b})) as intersecting_area
      FROM geographic_items a, geographic_items b
      WHERE a.id = #{id} AND b.id = #{geographic_item_id};"
  ).first
  c && c['intersecting_area'].to_f
end

#intersects?(target_geo_object) ⇒ Boolean

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


1065
1066
1067
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1065

def intersects?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.intersects?(target_geo_object)
end

#is_basic_donut?Boolean

!! Does not confirm that shapes are nested !!

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

    Boolean looks at all orientations if they follow the pattern [true, false, … <all false>] then ‘true`, else `false`



1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1240

def is_basic_donut?
  a = orientations
  b = a.shift
  return false unless b
  a.uniq!
  a == [false]
end

#line_string_to_a(line_string) ⇒ Array (private)

Returns of points in the line.

Parameters:

  • line_string (Reo::LineString)

Returns:

  • (Array)

    of points in the line



1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1393

def line_string_to_a(line_string)
  data = []
  line_string.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

#line_string_to_hash(line_string) ⇒ Hash (private)

Returns of points in the line.

Parameters:

  • line_string (Reo::LineString)

Returns:

  • (Hash)

    of points in the line



1403
1404
1405
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1403

def line_string_to_hash(line_string)
  {lines: [line_string_to_a(line_string)]}
end

#multi_line_string_to_a(multi_line_string) ⇒ Array (private)

Returns of line_strings as arrays of points.

Parameters:

  • multi_line_string (RGeo::MultiLineString)

Returns:

  • (Array)

    of line_strings as arrays of points



1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1426

def multi_line_string_to_a(multi_line_string)
  data = []
  multi_line_string.each { |line_string|
    line_data = []
    line_string.points.each { |point|
      line_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(line_data)
  }
  data
end

#multi_line_string_to_hash(_multi_line_string) ⇒ Hash (private)

Returns of line_strings as hashes of points.

Returns:

  • (Hash)

    of line_strings as hashes of points



1439
1440
1441
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1439

def multi_line_string_to_hash(_multi_line_string)
  {lines: to_a}
end

#multi_point_to_a(multi_point) ⇒ Array (private)

Returns of points.

Parameters:

  • multi_point (RGeo::MultiPoint)

Returns:

  • (Array)

    of points



1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1377

def multi_point_to_a(multi_point)
  data = []
  multi_point.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

#multi_point_to_hash(_multi_point) ⇒ Hash (private)

Returns of points.

Returns:

  • (Hash)

    of points



1386
1387
1388
1389
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1386

def multi_point_to_hash(_multi_point)
  # when we encounter a multi_point type, we only stick the points into the array, NOT it's identity as a group
  {points: multi_point_to_a(multi_point)}
end

#multi_polygon_to_a(multi_polygon) ⇒ Array (private)

Returns of arrays of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY).

Parameters:

  • multi_polygon (RGeo::MultiPolygon)

Returns:

  • (Array)

    of arrays of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)



1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1445

def multi_polygon_to_a(multi_polygon)
  data = []
  multi_polygon.each { |polygon|
    polygon_data = []
    polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
      polygon_data.push([point.x, point.y])
    }
    data.push(polygon_data)
  }
  data
end

#multi_polygon_to_hash(_multi_polygon) ⇒ Hash (private)

Returns of hashes of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY).

Returns:

  • (Hash)

    of hashes of points in the polygons (exterior_ring ONLY)



1458
1459
1460
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1458

def multi_polygon_to_hash(_multi_polygon)
  {polygons: to_a}
end

#near(target_geo_object, distance) ⇒ Boolean

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


1071
1072
1073
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1071

def near(target_geo_object, distance)
  self.geo_object.unsafe_buffer(distance).contains?(target_geo_object)
end

#orientationsObject

Convention is to store in PostGIS in CCW



1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1221

def orientations
  if multi_polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute(" \
         SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(a.geom) as is_ccw
            FROM ( SELECT b.id, (ST_Dump(p_geom)).geom AS geom
               FROM (SELECT id, multi_polygon::geometry AS p_geom FROM geographic_items where id = #{id}) AS b \
          ) AS a;").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  elsif polygon.present?
    ApplicationRecord.connection.execute("SELECT ST_IsPolygonCCW(polygon::geometry) as is_ccw \
            FROM geographic_items where  id = #{id};").collect{|a| a['is_ccw']}
  else
    []
  end
end

#point_to_a(point) ⇒ Array (private)

Returns of a point Longitude |, Latitude -.

Parameters:

  • point (RGeo::Point)

Returns:

  • (Array)

    of a point Longitude |, Latitude -



1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1363

def point_to_a(point)
  data = []
  data.push(point.x, point.y)
  data
end

#point_to_hash(point) ⇒ Hash (private)

Returns of a point.

Parameters:

  • point (RGeo::Point)

Returns:

  • (Hash)

    of a point



1371
1372
1373
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1371

def point_to_hash(point)
  {points: [point_to_a(point)]}
end

#polygon_to_a(polygon) ⇒ Array (private)

Returns of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY).

Parameters:

  • polygon (RGeo::Polygon)

Returns:

  • (Array)

    of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)



1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1409

def polygon_to_a(polygon)
  # TODO: handle other parts of the polygon; i.e., the interior_rings (if they exist)
  data = []
  polygon.exterior_ring.points.each { |point|
    data.push([point.x, point.y])
  }
  data
end

#polygon_to_hash(polygon) ⇒ Hash (private)

Returns of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY).

Parameters:

  • polygon (RGeo::Polygon)

Returns:

  • (Hash)

    of points in the polygon (exterior_ring ONLY)



1420
1421
1422
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1420

def polygon_to_hash(polygon)
  {polygons: [polygon_to_a(polygon)]}
end

#quick_geographic_name_hierarchyHash

This is a quick approach that works only when the geographic_item is linked explicitly to a GeographicArea.

!! Note that it is not impossible for a GeographicItem to be linked to > 1 GeographicArea, in that case we are assuming that all are equally refined, this might not be the case in the future because of how the GeographicArea gazetteer is indexed.

Returns:

  • (Hash)

    a geographic_name_classification or empty Hash



891
892
893
894
895
896
897
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 891

def quick_geographic_name_hierarchy
  geographic_areas.order(:id).each do |ga|
    h = ga.geographic_name_classification # not quick enough !!
    return h if h.present?
  end
  return  {}
end

#radiusObject

TODO: This is bad, while internal use of ONE_WEST_MEAN is consistent it is in-accurate given the vast differences of radius vs. lat/long position. When we strike the error-polygon from radius we should remove this

Use case is returning the radius from a circle we calculated via buffer for error-polygon creation.



1211
1212
1213
1214
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1211

def radius
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_MinimumBoundingRadius( ST_Transform(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}, 4326 )  ) AS radius from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['radius'].split(',').last.chop.to_f
  r = (r * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST_MEAN).to_i
end

#rgeo_to_geo_jsonGeoJSON hash

Returns via Rgeo apparently necessary for GeometryCollection.

Returns:

  • (GeoJSON hash)

    via Rgeo apparently necessary for GeometryCollection



1083
1084
1085
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1083

def rgeo_to_geo_json
  RGeo::GeoJSON.encode(geo_object).to_json
end

#set_cachedObject (private)

else

  render json: {foo: false}
end

end



1338
1339
1340
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1338

def set_cached
  update_column(:cached_total_area, area)
end

#set_type_if_geography_presentBoolean, String (private)

Returns false if already set, or type to which it was set.

Returns:

  • (Boolean, String)

    false if already set, or type to which it was set



1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1353

def set_type_if_geography_present
  if type.blank?
    column = geo_type
    self.type = "GeographicItem::#{column.to_s.camelize}" if column
  end
end

#some_data_is_providedBoolean (private)

Returns iff there is one and only one shape column set.

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

    iff there is one and only one shape column set



1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1463

def some_data_is_provided
  data = []

  DATA_TYPES.each do |item|
    data.push(item) if send(item).present?
  end

  case data.count
  when 0
    errors.add(:base, 'No shape provided or provided shape is invalid')
  when 1
    return true
  else
    data.each do |object|
      errors.add(object, 'More than one shape type provided')
    end
  end
  true
end

#st_centroidString

Returns a WKT POINT representing the centroid of the geographic item.

Returns:

  • (String)

    a WKT POINT representing the centroid of the geographic item



1013
1014
1015
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1013

def st_centroid
  GeographicItem.where(id: to_param).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_AsEWKT(ST_Centroid(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}))")).first.gsub(/SRID=\d*;/, '')
end

#st_distance(geographic_item_id) ⇒ Double Also known as: distance_to

Returns distance in meters (slower, more accurate).

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_id (Integer)

Returns:

  • (Double)

    distance in meters (slower, more accurate)



966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 966

def st_distance(geographic_item_id) # geo_object
  q1 = "ST_Distance((#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)}), " \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)})) as d"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['ST_Distance((?),(?)) as d',
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(self.id),
                                                      GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item_id)])
  deg = GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
  deg * Utilities::Geo::ONE_WEST
end

#st_distance_spheroid(geographic_item_id) ⇒ Double

Returns distance in meters (faster, less accurate).

Parameters:

  • geographic_item_id (Integer)

Returns:

  • (Double)

    distance in meters (faster, less accurate)



999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 999

def st_distance_spheroid(geographic_item_id)
  q1 = "ST_DistanceSpheroid((#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id)})," \
    "(#{GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id)}),'#{Gis::SPHEROID}') as distance"
  _q2 = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array,
                                ['ST_DistanceSpheroid((?),(?),?) as distance',
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(id),
                                 GeographicItem.select_geometry_sql(geographic_item_id),
                                 Gis::SPHEROID])
  # TODO: what is _q2?
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql(q1)).first
end

#st_distance_to_geographic_item(geographic_item) ⇒ Double

Like st_distance but works with changed and non persisted objects

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Double)

    distance in meters



979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 979

def st_distance_to_geographic_item(geographic_item)
  unless !persisted? || changed?
    a = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(id)})"
  else
    a = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geo_object}')"
  end

  unless !geographic_item.persisted? || geographic_item.changed?
    b = "(#{GeographicItem.select_geography_sql(geographic_item.id)})"
  else
    b = "ST_GeographyFromText('#{geographic_item.geo_object}')"
  end

  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_value("SELECT ST_Distance(#{a}, #{b})")
end

#st_isvalidObject



1248
1249
1250
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1248

def st_isvalid
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValid(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalid']
end

#st_isvalidreasonObject



1252
1253
1254
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1252

def st_isvalidreason
  r = ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_IsValidReason(  #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql }) from  geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first['st_isvalidreason']
end

#st_npointsInteger

Returns the number of points in the geometry.

Returns:

  • (Integer)

    the number of points in the geometry



1019
1020
1021
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1019

def st_npoints
  GeographicItem.where(id:).pluck(Arel.sql("ST_NPoints(#{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) as npoints")).first
end

#start_pointArray of latitude, longitude

Returns the lat, lon of the first point in the GeoItem, see subclass for #st_start_point.

Returns:

  • (Array of latitude, longitude)

    the lat, lon of the first point in the GeoItem, see subclass for #st_start_point



938
939
940
941
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 938

def start_point
  o = st_start_point
  [o.y, o.x]
end

#to_geo_jsonHash

Returns in GeoJSON format Computed via “raw” PostGIS (much faster). This requires the geo_object_type and id.

Returns:

  • (Hash)

    in GeoJSON format Computed via “raw” PostGIS (much faster). This requires the geo_object_type and id.



1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1092

def to_geo_json
  JSON.parse(
    GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
      "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
      "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a'])
end

#to_geo_json_featureHash

Returns the shape as a GeoJSON Feature with some item metadata.

Returns:

  • (Hash)

    the shape as a GeoJSON Feature with some item metadata



1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1108

def to_geo_json_feature
  @geometry ||= to_geo_json
  {'type' => 'Feature',
   'geometry' => geometry,
   'properties' => {
     'geographic_item' => {
       'id' => id}
   }
  }
end

#to_geo_json_stringObject

We don’t need to serialize to/from JSON



1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1100

def to_geo_json_string
  GeographicItem.connection.select_one(
    "SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(#{geo_object_type}::geometry) a " \
    "FROM geographic_items WHERE id=#{id};")['a']
end

#to_wktString

Returns:

  • (String)


1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1172

def to_wkt
  #  10k  #<Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0dfd30fd0 @label="", @real=25.237487000005785, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=1.1704609999999995, @utime=5.507929999999988, @total=6.678390999999987>
  #  GeographicItem.select("ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql}) wkt").where(id: id).first.wkt

  # 10k <Benchmark::Tms:0x00007fb0e02f7540 @label="", @real=21.619827999995323, @cstime=0.0, @cutime=0.0, @stime=0.8850890000000007, @utime=3.2958549999999605, @total=4.180943999999961>
  if a =  ApplicationRecord.connection.execute( "SELECT ST_AsText( #{GeographicItem::GEOMETRY_SQL.to_sql} ) wkt from geographic_items where geographic_items.id = #{id}").first
    return a['wkt']
  else
    return nil
  end
end

#valid_geometry?Boolean

Returns whether stored shape is ST_IsValid.

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

    whether stored shape is ST_IsValid



932
933
934
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 932

def valid_geometry?
  GeographicItem.with_is_valid_geometry_column(self).first['is_valid']
end

#within?(target_geo_object) ⇒ Boolean

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


1059
1060
1061
# File 'app/models/geographic_item.rb', line 1059

def within?(target_geo_object)
  self.geo_object.within?(target_geo_object)
end